http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/rss/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1521-4095

In this research, 3D/2D or 3D/quasi-2D perovskite heterojunctions with tunable energy levels and uniform n-values are developed. The well-refined heterogeneous structure effectively mitigates the non-radiative recombination losses and facilitates carrier extraction at the WBG perovskite/C60 interface. As a result, the optimized WBG PSCs and all-perovskite tandem solar cells exhibit improved performance and stability.

Wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskite sub-cells in all-perovskite tandem solar cells (AP-TSCs) suffer from severe open-circuit voltage loss and poor light stability. The formation of 3D/2D or 3D/quasi-2D perovskite heterojunctions can effectively passivate interface defects and optimize energy level alignments at the 3D perovskite/C60 interface, thereby enhancing both the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells. Herein, a combined evaporation/solution technique is employed to construct Dion-Jacobson (DJ) 2D or quasi-2D perovskites with uniform-phase distribution on wide-bandgap 3D perovskite substrates. By tuning the n values of the DJ phase perovskites, well-refined WBG 3D/2D or quasi-2D perovskite heterostructures are achieved, which exhibit tunable energy levels and mitigate the non-radiative recombination losses at the WBG 3D perovskite/C60 interface. The devices with the WBG (1.78 eV) 3D/quasi-2D n = 3 perovskite heterostructures achieve the champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.71% (certified 20.53%). When combined with narrow-bandgap (NBG) perovskite sub-cells, the fabricated 2-terminal AP-TSCs achieve a PCE of 28.99% (certified 28.81%). The tandem device maintains 80% of its initial PCE after 501 h of operation at maximum power point.

Directly evolved biovesicles are developed as biological clock-modulated nanovaccines (Clock-NVs) to augment circadian gene expression in tumors, enhance mitochondrial metabolism and antigen processing in dendritic cells for amplified antitumor immune responses, and potentiate the antitumor efficiency of anti-PD-L1 and adoptive T cells in multiple cancer mice models.

The circadian rhythm, as a crucial endogenous biological oscillator, often undergoes disruptions, thus fostering severe immunosuppression within tumors. Here, this work develops directly evolved biovesicles as biological clock-modulated nanovaccines (Clock-NVs) to augment circadian clock gene expression and enhance cancer immunotherapy. These biovesicles act as bioreactors, transforming an unfavorable factor, ROS, into a beneficial circadian clock enhancer, oxygen. By targeting HIF-1α-BMAL1 axis, Clock-NVs restore the disrupted circadian rhythm within tumors. Upregulation of the core clock gene, BMAL1, initiates tumor cell death, enhances mitochondrial metabolism and antigen processing in dendritic cells to amplify antitumor immune responses. Clock-NVs effectively inhibit tumor growth, diminish metastasis, and demonstrate robust antitumor activity in a model of chemotherapy-resistant senescent tumors. Notably, Clock-NVs combined with adoptive T cell-based therapies achieve a 60% regression of primary tumors, while their use with anti-PD-L1 results in 100% inhibition of tumor recurrence. This strategy introduces nanovaccines designed to enhance temporal immunotherapy by precisely restoring the suppressed rhythm gene expression within tumors.

Assigning unforgeable “fingerprints” to manufactured goods is a key strategy to fight global counterfeiting. Optical physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are chemically generated random patterns of optically active materials serving as unique authenticators. Here, recent advances in optical PUF devices are presented for anticounterfeiting via an overview of available optical taggants and compatible fabrication techniques.

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are artificial “fingerprints” provided by physical devices to authenticate manufactured goods. Their inherent unclonable nature positions them as one of the most promising tools to tackle global counterfeiting challenges. Leveraging the large parameter space in solution chemistry, chemically generated PUFs can achieve excellent device performance. Particularly, optically active materials have become valuable security inks thanks to their versatile, non-invasive, and non-destructive readouts, and PUF devices generated from stochastic nano-/micro-patterns of optical inks hold great potential. This review highlights recent advances in the design of optical PUF devices. A range of resonant and non-resonant optical materials used as security taggants are presented and their incorporation in state-of-the-art PUF devices is examined using non-deterministic fabrication techniques. By outlining design criteria, challenges, and opportunities, a roadmap is provided for developing next-generation PUFs using established and emerging optical probes and help advance security and reliability in anticounterfeiting technologies.

This study elucidates the evolution of ferroelectric skyrmion-bubbles with thickness, revealing pure Néel-type ferroelectric skyrmions in ultrathin bilayer oxide films. The stability of these pure Néel-type skyrmions is primarily governed by electric and gradient energy variations, establishing them as the electrical counterparts of magnetic skyrmions and pushing the size limits of topological phases.

Skyrmions in ferromagnetic materials exhibit either Néel or Bloch characteristics. Although skyrmions in ferromagnetic materials can be readily obtained via inter-spin interactions, a skyrmion in ferroelectric materials exhibiting solely Néel or Bloch characteristics has not yet been discovered. Here, by modulating the formation of skyrmion-bubbles in [(PbTiO3) n /(SrTiO3) n ]1 [(PTO n /STO n )1] bilayers grown on STO substrates, the atomic morphology of pure Néel-skyrmion is observed with a topological charge of ± 1 in the ultrathin bilayered films with the thickness of 2 unit cells (u.c.). Such a pure Néel-skyrmion is confirmed by a combination of atomic mappings, geometric phase analysis, and X-ray 3D reciprocal space mapping (RSM). It is found that decreasing the thickness of bilayered films from 50 to 2 u.c., the characteristics of skyrmion-bubbles exhibiting both Néel and Bloch features disappear along with the Bloch features. The formation mechanism of the Néel-skyrmions is unveiled using Phase-field simulations, showing the critical role of electric and gradient energy variation in the stable phase of Néel-skyrmions. These nanoscale pure Néel-skyrmions represent the electrical equivalents of their magnetic counterparts, extending the size limits of topological phases and offering potential advancements in the field of ferroelectric physics.

The study introduces a transformative strategy of mechanical cutting water by magnetically manipulating a hydrophobic sphere moving across hydrophobic particles-encapsulated water (HPEW). The patterned HPEWs manufactured by mechanical cutting are designed as open millifluidic chips with various interdisciplinary applications in biochemical assays, chemical synthesis, and 3D cell culture.

Precisely controlling the cutting of water using mechanical forces remains challenging due to water's inherent surface tension and rapid self-healing properties. Inspired by the effortless movement of water striders, a strategy is developed involving magnetic manipulation of a hydrophobic sphere across hydrophobic particle-encapsulated water (HPEW). Stable mechanical cutting of water is first demonstrated by coating its surface with hydrophobic particles (silica nanoparticles, paraffin, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)) and maintaining the water thickness below 1 mm. Through systematic theoretical and numerical analyses, it is clarified how water thickness and particle distribution influence cutting performance and accuracy. Moreover, a magnetically controlled approach is established for precise cutting, creating versatile open millifluidic chips suitable for diverse applications such as biochemical assays, chemical synthesis, and 3D cell culture. The approach thus offers a robust platform with wide-ranging implications in materials science, chemistry, physics, biomedical engineering, and microfluidics.

This study presents bulk heterojunction organic photosynapses (BHJ-OPS) for neuromorphic electronics, enabling ultra-broadband photodetection and low-energy near-infrared perception with bio-synaptic features. A neuromorphic visual system based on BHJ-OPS that can sense visual information and coordinate movements in response to environmental stimuli is successfully achieved.

The emergence of electronics influenced by visual neural perception and action is increasingly crucial for enhancing interactive human-machine interfaces and advancing the capabilities of intelligent robots. There is an urgent demand for a system that incorporates neuromorphic environmental information encoding, synaptic signal processing, and motion control. Taking inspiration from the polychromatic visual system, it is initially employed bulk heterojunction organic photosynapses (BHJ-OPS) to replicate the functionalities of human-like visual nerve system. The BHJ-OPS, utilizing a two-terminal architecture, exhibits an ultra-broadband photodetection range (365–1060 nm). For near-infrared (NIR) perception, an optical energy consumption as low as 0.2 fJ per synaptic event is demonstrated, which is the lowest energy consumption achieved so far with NIR light stimulation. By combining the photovoltaic effect in heterojunctions with electron trapping in the buffer layer, BHJ-OPS displays bio-synaptic characteristics such as short-term and long-term memory, as well as experiential learning, which endows the synapse array with multispectral color-discrimination capabilities. Finally, it is implemented miniature insect robots capable of night-time foraging and predator evasion based on a simulated 26 × 26 memristor network. This demonstrates significant potential for the development of miniature insect robots with self-regulation and adaptability, particularly in exploration, monitoring, and rescue missions.

Doping Ru into the interstices of β-MnO2 significantly enhances the performance as a photocathode for photo-assisted Li-O2 batteries. In a simulated oxygen environment with 57% relative humidity, the batteries achieved an exceptional round-trip efficiency of 98.4%, a prolonged cycling lifespan exceeding 720 h, and stable operation at a high current density of 1000 mA g−1.

Photo-assisted Li-O2 batteries, which utilize solar energy to reduce overpotentials, have attracted significant interest. However, challenges such as sluggish redox kinetics, limited photogenerated carrier availability, excessive byproduct formation, and oxygen evolution constraints persist. This study integrates computational and experimental approaches to demonstrate that Ru doping at interstitial sites in β-MnO2 induces lattice expansion, introduces additional reactive sites, enhances light absorption, and accelerates redox reaction kinetics. Under simulated conditions (57% relative humidity), the battery achieves an impressive 98.4% round-trip efficiency, excellent high-rate performance, and exceptional cycling stability over 720 h with reversible four-electron conversion to LiOH. Furthermore, stable operation under real atmospheric conditions marks the first demonstration of a photo-assisted Li-O2 battery based on a four-electron process. These findings provide new insights into advancing the practical implementation of Li-O2 batteries for efficient energy storage applications.

The carbon-supported Pt2Ln intermetallics are efficiently and rapidly synthesized using Joule heating technology, exhibiting excellent electrocatalytic performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). It is demonstrated that the Ln sites, due to the high oxophilicity and strong orbital hybridization, play a key role in enhancing HER performance by regulating both the adsorption/dissociation of H2O and the desorption of H* intermediates.

Platinum-Lanthanide (Pt-Ln) intermetallic compounds (IMCs) are a promising new class of electrocatalytic materials, yet their synthesis remains a significant challenge, and the role of ordered Ln sites in enhancing catalytic performance is not fully understood. Herein, an effective and rapid avenue for synthesizing carbon-supported C15-phase Pt2Ln IMCs (Ln: Sm, Eu, Gd, and Tb) through Joule heating technology is proposed. The JH-Pt2Ln/C IMCs exhibit excellent electrocatalytic performance toward alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), in which JH-Pt2Tb/C presents the lowest overpotential of 17 mV at 10 mA cm−2. The ordered Pt2Tb structure offers favorable Pt2 dimer sites for the desorption of H* intermediates, in contrast to the Pt3 trimer sites in disordered Pt2Tb and pure Pt. The ordered Tb sites play a bifunctional role in HER: i) The oxophilic Tb atoms are in favor of the H2O adsorption and dissociation through Tb-4f-OH binding; ii) The strong Tb 4f-Pt 5d orbital hybridization leads to form negatively charged Pt sites, which promotes the desorption of H* intermediates. Furthermore, the anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer equipped with JH-Pt2Tb/C delivers a low voltage of only 1.79 Vcell to reach 1 A cm−2 and maintains the stable operation at 1 A cm−2 for over 100 h.

A “stripping-expansion-carbonization” strategy is proposed to reconstruct the cell wall architecture and fabricate a lightweight, superelastic wood carbon sponge. The core of this strategy lies in disrupting weak interlayer connections and establishing a stable wavy lamellar structure through cell wall softening and vacuum-assisted expansion. This wood carbon sponge with exceptional performance serves as a versatile platform for applications in sensing, electromagnetic interferenceshielding, oil absorption, and beyond.

Elastic wood carbon sponges have gained increasing momentum due to their combination of compressive elasticity, wood orientation structure, and carbon nature. However, the pursuit of lightweight and superelasticity in these sponges remains a significant challenge, as their boundaries are constrained by the solidified wood cell walls. Here, an innovative “stripping-expansion-carbonization” strategy is proposed for producing wood carbon sponges with low density and superelasticity via breaking the spatial confinement of the original cell wall. This strategy integrates the removal of non-skeletal components from cell wall, the formation of bubble-assisted lamellar structure, and a high-temperature carbonization process. The resultant expanded wood carbon sponges (EWCS) demonstrate a low density of 14.18 ± 1.07 mg cm−3, temperature-insensitive superelasticity, and reliable cycling stability. Additionally, the incorporation of the lightweight, electrical conductivity, and superelasticity nature endows EWCS with remarkable versatility, enabling applications such as pressure sensor for monitoring human movement, tunable electromagnetic interference shielding, and efficient and recyclable oil-water separation. This strategy realizes the layer-wise reconfiguration of the solid wood cell structure, providing a new design route for engineering wood carbon sponges.

A tribovoltaic nanogenerator featuring a Schottky MSM architecture utilizes triboelectric potential to modulate carrier transport. The device leverages interfacial state density and surface conductance engineering to maintain a tunable Schottky barrier. This strategy enables high charge output per droplet and rapid energy storage, showing potential for scalable and practical energy harvesting applications.

Using water droplets to generate electricity is an attractive approach for addressing the energy crisis. However, achieving high charge transfer and power output in such systems remains a major challenge. Here, a tribovoltaic nanogenerator (TVNG) is developed based on a specially designed Schottky metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) structure. This device is capable of efficiently converting the kinetic energy of water droplets into electricity. To improve performance, a patterned interface layer between the metal and semiconductor is introduced, which helps guide charge flow and control surface conductivity. Upon droplet impact, the mechanical friction between the liquid and the surface generates a potential that activates charge transport across the Schottky barrier. This breaks the equilibrium state and enhances carrier movement. As a result, the device achieves a record-high charge output of 25500 nC from a single droplet, along with an output energy of 5.8 × 10⁻⁶ J. To showcase scalability, a TVNG module with 60 cells on a 3-inch wafer delivers milliamp-level current and charges a 220 µF capacitor to 0.6 V within 2 s. The effects of processing, materials, structure, and droplet properties are studied to guide the future design of high-efficiency Schottky MSM-based TVNG.

Ferroelectric domains, a hallmark of ferroelectricity, are studied using temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy to uncover characteristic phonons associated with ferroelectric phase transitions in different n-value HOIPs. Higher n-value HOIP demonstrate a reduced ferroelectric switching energy barrier, providing valuable insights for optimizing domain-related properties in ferroelectric devices.

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) have emerged as promising ferroelectric semiconductors, yet the phonon signatures governing their ferroelectricity remain poorly understood. Here, by analyzing the temperature-dependent Raman peak profiles of highly ordered ferroelectric domains in HOIPs, a framework to systematically investigate the dimensionality (n)-dependent phonons that are critical to ferroelectric behaviour is established. By tracking phonon evolution across the ferroelectric-to-paraelectric phase transition in HOIPs with different n, characteristic modes associated with the ferroelectric symmetry-breaking process are identified. Notably, in the ferroelectric phase of (BA)2(MA)2Pb3Br10 (n = 3), these modes exhibit a redshift compared to those in (BA)2(MA)Pb2Br7 (n = 2), reflecting a reduced energy barrier for ferroelectric switching. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further correlate these modes with their spectral signatures in Raman spectroscopy, particularly highlighting zone-boundary modes that diminish upon transitioning to the paraelectric phase. Polarized Raman mapping further reveals adjacent ferroelectric domains with orthogonal polarization orientations, directly linking phonon activity to domain configuration. This work elucidates the role of phonons in HOIP ferroelectricity, offering insights for tailoring domain-related properties in ferroelectric devices.

Thick electrodes promise higher battery energy density but suffer from reaction heterogeneity. While typically attributed to sluggish charge transport, this study shows how thermodynamic properties of active materials also have critical influence. Through advanced X-ray characterization of LiFePO4 and LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 thick electrodes, stark differences in their reaction gradients are revealed and a predictive metric to guide electrode design is introduced.

Thick electrodes present a viable strategy for enhancing energy density and reducing manufacturing costs of lithium-ion batteries. However, reaction heterogeneity during cycling compromises their rate capability and cycle life. While this nonuniformity is commonly attributed to sluggish charge transport, it is demonstrated here that the thermodynamic properties of the electrode material play an equally critical role. Through combined X-ray fluorescence microscopy and absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy, reaction distributions in LiFePO4 (LFP) and LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC) thick electrodes with matched porosity and tortuosity are compared. LFP electrodes develop pronounced depth-oriented state-of-charge (SOC) gradients that worsen with increasing discharge rates, whereas NMC maintains much more uniform SOC distributions under such conditions. This difference originates from their distinct SOC dependence of equilibrium potentials and is quantifiable through a dimensionless “reaction uniformity” number. Intriguingly, LFP thick electrodes also exhibit lateral SOC variations that strengthen during slow discharge. The enhanced reaction uniformity in NMC correlates with better active material utilization and slower capacity fade than LFP, highlighting electrode thermodynamics as a key design consideration for thick electrodes.

The fabrication of micro- and macro-scale 3D-printed multi-material structures incorporating photocatalytically active Ru(II) sites using a dual-function photoresin is introduced. The system utilizes a Ru(II)-functionalized monomer, enabling the assembly of 3D structures with commercially available crosslinkers. The catalytic activity is demonstrated through the C─H arylation of activated aryl bromides.

Light-induced additive manufacturing (3D printing) has revolutionized manufacturing and its integration into the fabrication of catalysts holds key potential to enable facile access to optimized catalyst geometries and designs. Herein – for the first time – micro- and macro-sized photocatalytically active 3D printed objects are introduced via a dual-function photoresin using a ruthenium(II) complex containing monomer as both a photoinitiator for the 3D printing process and as the active photocatalyst within the printed structure. The approach leverages the spatial and temporal control afforded by light-induced 3D printing techniques during both one- and two-photon printing to precisely position the photocatalyst within intricate geometries using a pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) based resin. The successful incorporation of ruthenium(II) complexes is demonstrated via time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) into desired sections of 3D-printed objects. The one- and two-photon fabricated architectures show photocatalytic activity in the C─H arylation of activated aryl bromides. The potential of tailored catalytically active 3D objects is exemplified by one of the microscale designs. This design, utilizing only 1% of the volume of a macroscale structure fabricated from the same resin, achieved 75% of the photocatalytic performance.

Inspired by clouds' role in Earth's thermal management, this work presents disordered plasmonic metasurfaces that mimic their radiative effects. The white metasurface enhances backscattering, acting as a cooling layer with camouflage properties. The grey state suppresses backscattering and enhances light trapping, surpassing conventional black absorbers. These metasurfaces enable advancements in camouflage, low-emissivity coatings, and thermal infrared stealth technologies.

Inspired by nature's color-driven thermal regulation mechanisms and the atmospheric radiative effects of cloud-aerosol interactions, this work presents the design of disordered metasurfaces capable of achieving white and grey plasmonic colors. This innovation advances light and thermal management technologies within the framework of stealth and camouflage applications. The white plasmonic metasurfaces emulate the cooling effects of clouds, reducing substrate temperatures by a relative −10 °C under standard solar illumination through backscattering. In contrast, transitioning to a grey state with a nanocomposite absorber suppresses backscattering and enables efficient light trapping, resulting in a relative +10  °C temperature increase compared to conventional black absorbers. These findings introduce a novel approach to localized thermal management, distinct from traditional passive cooling strategies that rely on high-emissivity materials. The metasurfaces’ low-emissivity properties and visible appearance open opportunities in advanced camouflage, stealth technologies, and thermal energy solutions. Additionally, the scalable, sustainable design, realized through all-in-chamber nanofabrication via sputtering, eliminates the need for chemically intensive synthesis methods while ensuring long-term stability.

We demonstrate dynamic control of ferroelectric order in quasi-2D CsBiNb2O7 using twisted ultraviolet light carrying orbital angular momentum. Our approach harnesses non-resonant multiphoton absorption and induced strain to modulate topological of ferroelectric polarization textures. In-situ X-ray coherent imaging and Raman spectroscopy reveal reversible, nanoscale polarization transitions, enabling efficient stabilization of topological solitons and paving the way for novel optoelectronic devices.

The dynamic control of non-equilibrium states represents a central challenge in condensed matter physics. While intense terahertz fields drive metal-insulator transitions and ferroelectricity via soft phonon modes, recent theory suggests that twisted light with orbital angular momentum (OAM) offers a distinct route to manipulate ferroelectric order and stabilize topological excitations including skyrmions, vortices, and Hopfions. Control of ferroelectric polarization in quasi-2D CsBiNb2O7 (CBNO) is demonstrated using non-resonant twisted ultra-violet (UV) light (375 nm, 800 THz). Combining in situ X-ray Bragg coherent diffractive imaging (BCDI), twisted optical Raman spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT), three-dimensional (3D) ionic displacements, strain fields, and polarization changes are resolved in single crystals. Operando measurements reveal light-induced strain hysteresis under twisted light–a hallmark of nonlinear, history-dependent ferroelastic switching driven by OAM. Discrete, irreversible domain transitions emerge as the topological charge ℓ is cycled, stabilizing non-trivial domain textures including vortex-antivortex pairs, Bloch/anti-Bloch points, and merons. These persist after OAM removal, indicating a memory effect. Competing mechanisms are discussed, including multiphoton absorption, strain-mediated polarization switching, and defect-wall interactions. The findings establish structured light as a tool for deterministic, reversible control of ferroic states, enabling optically reconfigurable non-volatile devices.

This review provides a comprehensive discussion on the energy conversion from the process of sorption and desorption of water molecules. By detailing the mechanism studies, guidelines are provided for the performance enhancement in the sequence of energy conversion. It provides insights into understanding the recent advances of hydrovoltaic technology and leads to future improvement of the harnessed energy.

Beyond the indispensable resource for living creatures, water has recently been explored as an eco-friendly source of energy, known as the hydrovoltaic technology. Of significant interest, the cyclic sorption/desorption of water molecules physically and chemically induces the gaseous/liquid–solid interactions with the substances, demonstrating potential for harnessing electricity. Existing efforts have focused on materials engineering and structural design of the energy generators, enhancing the generated electricity for real-life applications. Despite the substantial achievements, the principal interpretation of the process from water molecules to electricity establishes the foundation and serves as the guidance for device modification and performance enhancement. Herein, this review thoroughly discusses the energy conversion, from the introduction of water molecules to the generation of electricity, starting with an understanding of the sorption/desorption of water molecules. Mechanisms in charge creation from the interaction are then elucidated, where water molecules themselves serve as ions or stimulate ion dissociation from the substances. It continues with an overview of the existing advancements in sorption/desorption-induced electricity generation and practical demonstrations of the developed electricity. Based on the conversion procedure, insights for upcoming generator designs are proposed subsequently. Finally, present challenges to be addressed and perspectives on future development in the sorption/desorption-induced electricity are discussed in detail.

A novel 2D TSAS that enables in-sensor intensity-spanning feature fusion is presented, enabled by combined in-plane anisotropy and time-stretching photoresponse of 2D NbOI2. Leveraging these properties, a neuromorphic preprocessing strategy for single-shot visual learning across extreme brightness domains has been constructed, achieving accelerated model convergence with minimal training loss, offering a compact and efficient solution for contrast-adaptive intelligent vision in complex real-world environments.

High-dynamic-range (HDR) visual environments, where extremely bright and dark regions coexist, pose major challenges for conventional imaging systems that rely on multi-frame exposure fusion and cloud-based post-processing. These approaches often suffer from high latency, limited efficiency, and privacy concerns, making them unsuitable for real-time or edge-level intelligent vision. Here, a 2D Time-Stretching Anisotropic Synapse (2D TSAS) is reported that enables in-sensor intensity-spanning feature fusion from a single image frame. The 2D TSAS uniquely integrates two key features of NbOI2 material: in-plane anisotropy, which gives rise to polarization-resolved optical responses, and a time-stretching photoresponse arising from multi-channel transition-relaxation. This dual-mode mechanism enables direct encoding and temporal integration of spatial-polarization and luminance features during photoexcitation. Leveraging this behavior, a neuromorphic preprocessing strategy is constructed for single-shot visual learning across extreme brightness domains. The system achieves accelerated model convergence with minimal training loss, reaching recognition accuracies of ≈95.41% on NWPU-RESISC45 and ≈95.39% on MNIST. This work offers a compact and efficient solution for contrast-adaptive intelligent vision in complex real-world environments.

Green-emitting CdSe/ZnxCd1-xS quantum rods with gradient shell, uniform shape, and shortened ligands enable high PLQY and efficient charge injection. Combined with a double hole transport layer structure to suppress electron leakage and enhance hole injection, the resulting QRLEDs achieve 24% EQE, >500 000 cd m− 2 brightness, and >22 000 h T₅₀ lifetime, advancing high-performance display applications.

Nanocrystal-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are a promising technology for the next generation of flexible and large-area displays, offering high brightness, tunable narrow emission, and high display contrast. Although internal quantum efficiency (IQE) has reached unity, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of LEDs utilizing spherical quantum dots (QDs) is limited by low light outcoupling efficiency (ηout ). A promising approach to improve ηout is using horizontal alignment of nanocrystals’ transition dipole moments, such as aligned quantum rods (QRs), which provide directional light emission. Though the IQE for QRs has recently improved significantly, creating efficient and bright green-emitting QRs (515–560 nm) remains a big challenge, which is essential for full-color display applications. In this study, a uniform and highly bright green-emitting CdSe/ZnxCd1-xS QRs of gradient shell structure are synthesized with minimized shell thickness and reduced Zn content, coupled with shorter organic ligands to reduce the energy barriers and enhance carriers injection. The electron leakage current at the interface between the polymeric hole transport layer (HTL) and QRs is the primary factor limiting the QRLED's performance. HTL with a higher energy offset is employed to prevent electron leakage at the organic/inorganic interface. Furthermore, is developed a bilayer HTL that enhances hole injections while minimizing electron leakage, thereby improving charge balance. The resulting QRLEDs demonstrate a record-high efficiency, with an EQE of 24%, current efficiency (CE) of 89 cd A−1, and maximum brightness (Lmax ) exceeding 500k cd m− 2. Additionally, they exhibited an extended operational T50 lifetime of over 22k h at 100 cd m− 2, making them well-suited for high-color-gamut display and lighting applications.

Multiple functional layers are stabilized by the simultaneous suppression of the migration of multiple mobile chemical species based on host–guest interaction via calixarene supramolecules (C8A). The C8A-doped regular devices based on the two-step perovskite deposition method achieve a PCE of 26.01% (certified 25.68%). The C8A-modified p-i-n inverted PSCs obtain a champion PCE of 27.18% (certified 26.79%). The resulting unsealed inverted device retains 95% of its initial PCE after 1015 h of continuous operation at maximum power point.

The migration of multiple chemical species is are main factor leading to the intrinsic instability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, a universal ion migration suppression strategy is innovatively reported to stabilize multiple functional layers by simultaneously suppressing the migration of multiple mobile chemical species based on host–guest interaction via calixarene supramolecules. After incorporating 4-tert-butylcalix[8]arene (C8A), the interfacial defects are passivated, suppressing trap-assisted nonradiative recombination. Moreover, the p-doping of Spiro-OMeTAD is facilitated, and the extraction and transport of holes are promoted for n-i-p regular PSCs. The C8A doped regular devices based on the two-step perovskite deposition method achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.01% (certified 25.68%), which is the record PCE ever reported for the TiO2-based planar PSCs. The C8A passivated p-i-n inverted PSCs obtain a champion PCE of 27.18% (certified 26.79%), which is the highest PCE for the PSCs using the vacuum flash evaporation method. The resulting unsealed inverted device retains 95% of its initial PCE after 1015 h of continuous operation at maximum power point. This work provides a feasible and effective avenue to address the intrinsic instability of perovskite-based photovoltaics and other optoelectronic devices.

Colonoscopic continuum robots lack sensing, endangering intestinal tissue. An ideal sensing array is hard to integrate. This work introduces a 3D crosslinked stretchable E-armor with full-coverage and multiplexing. It has bimodal sensing, forms a triboelectric synapse, uses CNN-LSTM, and has a hydrogel and innovative triboelectric materials. A control strategy and digital twin interface enhance safety and interaction in colonoscopy.

Colonoscopic continuum robots often lack sensing capabilities, risking tissue damage. An ideal robot electronic skin should offer full-body coverage, multiplexing, stretchability, and multifunctionality, but integration is challenging due to the robot's elongated structure. This work presents a stretchable electronic armor (E-armor) with a 3D crosslinked structure that enables 300 mm full coverage while accomplishing multiplexed simultaneous tactile and strain sensing through bioinspired artificial synapse mechanisms. The E-armor integrates 48 tactile sensing points through bilayer co-electrode strategy, reducing wiring while combining triboelectric encoding intelligence with innovative stretchable triboelectric interlinked films (TIFs) to form a triboelectric artificial synapse that generates digitally encoded signal pairs upon contact. A convolutional neural network and long short-term memory network (CNN-LSTM) deep learning framework achieve 99.31% accuracy in identifying multi-point tactile signals. A sodium alginate/polyacrylamide/sodium chloride (SA/PAM/NaCl) conductive hydrogel serves as a strain sensing element, providing excellent stretchability and biocompatibility, and allowing precise inference of bending angles at 12 strain sensing edges. A compliance control strategy coordinates tactile and strain signals to autonomously adjust continuum robot postures while ensuring smooth operation. The digital twin-based 3D visualization interface enhances human–robot interaction by digitally reconstructing both tactile and strain feedback, enabling real-time visualization of the continuum robot's intracolonic posture.