http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/rss/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1521-4095

The Hierarchically Structured Amyloid-like Fibrils (HSAF), prepared through a mechanically directed two-step transformation of a protein nanofilm, exhibit an ordered, dynamic layered structure with adaptive gaps that facilitate intrafibrillar mineralization. The mineralized HSAF mimics biological hard tissues with ordered protein-hydroxyapatite organization, and demonstrates exceptional bioactivity in promoting native bone growth and further intrafibrillar mineralization.

Intrafibrillar mineralization is essential not only as a fundamental process in forming biological hard tissues but also as a foundation for developing advanced composite fibril-based materials for innovative applications. Traditionally, only natural collagen fibrils have been shown to enable intrafibrillar mineralization, presenting a challenge in designing ordered hierarchical fibrils from common protein aggregation that exhibit similar high intrafibrillar mineralization activity. In this study, a mechanically directed two-step transformation method is developed that converts phase-transitioned protein nanofilms into crystalline, hierarchical amyloid-like fibrils with multilayer structures, which effectively control the growth and lateral organization of hydroxyapatite within adaptive gaps. The resulting mineralized HSAF achieves a hardness of 0.616 ± 0.007 GPa and a modulus of 19.06 ± 3.54 GPa—properties closely resembling native hard tissues—and exhibits exceptionally high bioactivity in promoting both native bone tissue growth and further intrafibrillar mineralization, achieving 76.9% repair in a mice cranial defect model after 8 weeks and outperforming other regenerative materials. This remarkable performance, stemming from the unique structure and composition of the fibers, positions HSAF as a promising candidate for biomedical and engineering applications. These findings advance the understanding of biomineralization mechanisms and establish a foundation for developing high-bioactivity materials for hard tissue regeneration.

The NaV0.25Al0.25Nb1.5(PO4)3/C (NaVAlNb/C) anode offers a transformative solution for fast-charging sodium-ion batteries. Paired with a Na4V2(PO4)3 cathode in a full cell, it achieves 6-min rechargeability and a long cycle life of over 3000 cycles. This work underscores the significance of local structure modification along with carbon-coating and particle downsizing to advance NASICON-based anodes for high-performance energy storage.

Nb-based NAtrium Super Ionic CONductor (NASICON) frameworks (e.g., Nb2(PO4)3 and Na1.5V0.5Nb1.5(PO4)3) are emerging as the attractive Na-ion anodes due to their lower intercalation voltage (≈1.4–1.2 V vs Na+/Na0) and higher storage capacities (≈140–160 mAh g−1). However, their practical realization is limited by moderate cycle life and rate performances. In this work, a carbon-coated NASICON-NaV0.25Al0.25Nb1.5(PO4)3 (NaVAlNb/C) anode is unveiled for fast charging Na-ion batteries. The incorporation of Al3+ increases covalency of NASICON and creates disordered Na-ion sublattice as observed by X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements. Besides, the carbon-coating and particle downsizing produces facile electron and ion percolation network. Accordingly, the NaVAlNb/C anode renders extraordinary rate performances (80 mAh g−1 at 20C) with longer cycling stability (95.2% retention after 5000 cycles at 10C). Climbing image nudged elastic band calculations reveal reduced Na-ion migration barrier (202 meV) for NaVAlNb/C. Most importantly, a full Na-ion cell based on Na4V2(PO4)3 cathode and NaVAlNb/C anode is demonstrated with a high-power density (6493 W kg−1) and long-cycle life (3000 cycles at 20C), which are far excellent compared to the state-of-the-art NASICON-based cells. This work demonstrates the significance of carbon coating and chemical tuning to tailor high-rate NASICON anodes, which can produce fast-charging Na-ion batteries.

This work introduces a high-entropy-based material for CO2 reduction to methanol, offering scalability and simplicity. Fe facilitates high-entropy oxide (HEO) formation, leading to a high-entropy alloy (HEA) with enhanced CO2 conversion efficiency. Spectroscopic studies and Theoretical calculations identify active sites, while in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) reveals mechanistic changes. Life-cycle assessment confirms a carbon-negative footprint.

In pursuit of novel materials for CO2 conversion to value-added chemicals, previous research has predominantly focused on copper-based, indium oxide (In2O3)-based, and alloy or intermetallic materials. However, a groundbreaking approach is presented by introducing a high-entropy-based material for CO2 reduction to methanol (CH3OH). This method offers scalability and simplicity, making it feasible for large-scale production of high-entropy-alloys (HEAs). The formation of HEA is facilitated by the presence of Fe, leads to the creation of a high-entropy oxide (HEO) during calcination. Through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), comprehensively analyzed the oxidation states and coordination environments of all metals in both HEO and HEA. The formation of Fe3O4 within the HEO structure is evident, with each metal occupying either tetrahedral (Td) or octahedral (Oh) sites. The HEA formed shows exceptional CO2 conversion efficiency and higher CH3OH selectivity. Isolated sites of Co, Ni with Fe, Cu, and Zn, along with CuZn pair, are considered as the active sites for CO2 to CH3OH and further determined by DFT calculations. The altered reaction mechanism upon HEA formation compared to individual metals is investigated using in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Finally, Life-cycle assessment (LCA) indicates the carbon-negative footprint.

A dual-functional photonic battery is proposed for dynamic radiative cooling, energy storage and recycling. The dynamic thermal regulation properties significantly reduce building energy consumption and CO₂ emissions. Meanwhile, its efficient energy storage and recycling capacities can minimize or even eliminate household power outage durations. This innovative approach advances sustainable building practices and contributes to global carbon neutrality and sustainability efforts.

Dynamic thermal management materials are pivotal for advancing energy-efficient buildings and promoting global sustainability. However, existing materials typically offer only a single-function of temperature regulation, lacking the integrated power supply capability essential for sustaining indoor activities and building sustainability, particularly in the face of frequent power outages. A photonic battery that combines all-season dynamic radiative thermoregulation with electrical power supply in a single silicon-based unit is demonstrated. This device delivers dual functionality with high infrared emissivity regulation (0.53 at 8–13 µm) and superior energy storage performance, featuring a high specific capacity (≈3271 mAh g−1), areal capacity (≈0.38 mAh cm−2), and efficient energy recycling (71.6%). A reversible ion-interaction-induced phase change mechanism, enabling continuous and non-volatile electro-optical-thermal transformation and significant infrared tunability, is proposed. Our simulations indicate that the implementation of these dynamic materials into buildings could significantly reduce energy consumption by up to 18.4%, equating to 544.8 GJ, and achieve an annual reduction in CO2 emissions of 124.1 tons. This work paves the way for the development of energy-saving electro-driven dynamic materials, marking a significant step forward in global sustainability initiatives.

A pumping rate-controllable strategy regulates nucleation and crystallization in Sn-Pb perovskites during vacuum-flash-assisted solution processing. This approach enables additive-free, antisolvent-free fabrication of high-quality films, achieving >21% and >19% efficiency for 0.08 and 1 cm2 devices, respectively, with uniformity over 6 × 6 cm2. It also delivers 27.5% efficiency for all-perovskite tandem cells, ensuring scalability and reliability.

The rapid crystallization of mixed tin-lead (Sn-Pb) perovskites and their dependence on antisolvent processes limit the development of large-area Sn-Pb perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Vacuum-flash-assisted solution processing (VASP) has emerged as a promising technique for large-scale fabrication. However, achieving consistent control over crystallization parameters remains a limitation. To address this, a pumping rate-controllable strategy is introduced, fitted from cavity pressure and time, to control nucleation and crystallization in Sn-Pb perovskite films. By tuning the pressure rate, the solvent volatilization rate of the perovskite wet film is optimized, enabling controlled nucleation and crystallization dynamics. This allows for the scalable fabrication of high-quality FA0.7MA0.3Pb0.5Sn0.5I3 films without additives to aid crystallization, achieving power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 21% and 19% for Sn-Pb PSCs at 0.08 cm2 and 1 cm2, respectively, the additives-free and antisolvent-free highest records. This further demonstrates that the uniformity and reproducibility of pumping rate control on a large 6 × 6 cm2 substrate. The approach is also applicable to wide bandgap PSCs, normal bandgap PSCs, and all-perovskite tandem solar cells, delivering a PCE >27% for the antisolvent-free and additive-free tandem device. This work establishes a scalable and versatile approach for developing large-area Sn-Pb and all-perovskite tandem devices, advancing the field toward practical applications.

A new solvent, trichloroethylene (TCE), is introduced and used as an acceptor processing solvent in layer-by-layer processed devices. The active layer exhibits a higher proportion of transport phases and lower trap-assisted charge recombination. The efficiency of the binary organic solar cell reached 20.05%, with a record-high fill factor of 83%.

For spontaneously crystallized organic photovoltaic materials, morphology optimization remains a challenge due to the disparity in crystallinity between the donor and acceptor components. Imperfections in the crystalline phases result in significant trap-assisted recombination, which emerges as a critical factor limiting the fill factor (FF) of organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, a method is introduced for precise regulation of the acceptor crystallinity, utilizing a novel upper-layer acceptor processing solvent, trichloroethylene (TCE), to improve the state and vertical morphology of the active layer. The TCE solvent synergistically optimizes intermolecular interactions among acceptor molecules and balances the film-forming process, thereby increasing the proportion of transport phases and forming high-speed channels for electron transport, which subsequently reduces trap-assisted charge recombination. As a result, the photovoltaic efficiency of binary organic solar cells reaches 20.05%. More importantly, an unprecedented FF of 83.0% is obtained, representing the highest FF value for OSCs. This facile and effective approach offers a promising means for constructing efficient charge transport networks and fabricating high-efficiency and morphologically stable OSCs.

A strategy to significantly enhance both the stability and activity of RuO2 by switching the catalytic mechanism from AEM to OPM, is introduced. This is achieved through lattice distortion engineering using a co-doping strategy involving large-radius ions (Na⁺ and Hf 4+). The as-prepared Na/Hf-RuO2 is stable at 0.5 A cm−2 over 85 h in a PEM water electrolyzer.

Ruthenium is considered one of the most promising alternatives to iridium as an anode electrocatalyst for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). However, Ru-based electrocatalysts suffer from poor stability, primarily due to structural collapse under the harsh acidic conditions of oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Here, a design strategy is introduced that significantly enhances both the stability and activity of RuO2 by switching the catalytic mechanism from the adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM) to the oxide pathway mechanism (OPM). This is achieved through lattice distortion engineering using a co-doping strategy involving large-radius ions (Na⁺ and Hf 4+). The incorporation of Na+ and Hf 4+ into RuO2 induces significant lattice distortion, shortening partial Ru─Ru bond distance and optimizing the electronic structure. This modification facilitates direct O–O radical coupling, as confirmed by in situ vibrational measurements and theoretical calculations. It can drive a current density of 1 A cm−2 in a PEMWE device at 60 °C with 1.646 V and operates stably for 85 h at 0.5 A cm−2. The present study highlights that optimizing the synergistic interaction between two adjacent Ru sites to promote direct O–O coupling is an effective strategy for enhancing the acidic OER performance of RuO2.

An innovative high-entropy heazlewoodite is synthesized, where the formation of a high-entropy phase significantly enhanced oxygen evolution reaction activity, and the oxidation potential evolved stabilized high-entropy sulfide-hydroxide oxide species at the interface improved electrochemical stability.

Entropy engineering has proven effective in enhancing catalyst electrochemical properties, particularly for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Challenges persist, however, in modulating entropy and understanding the dynamic reconfiguration of high-entropy sulfides during OER. In this study, an innovative in situ corrosion method is introduced to convert low-valent nickel on a nickel foam substrate into high-entropy heazlewoodite (HES/NF), significantly boosting OER performance. By synthesizing a series of low-, medium-, and high-entropy heazlewoodites, the intrinsic factors influence catalyst surface evolution and electrocatalytic activity is systematically explored. Employing a combination of in situ and ex situ characterization techniques, it is observed that HES/NF dynamically transforms into a stable hydroxide oxide (MOOH)-sulfide composite under OER conditions. This transition, coupled with lattice distortion, optimizes the electrostatic potential distribution, ensuring superior catalytic activity and preventing surface sulfide deactivation through the formation of stable HES-MOOH species. This synergy enables HES/NF to achieve remarkably low overpotentials: 172.0 mV at 100.0 mA cm−2 and 229.0 mV at an extreme current density of 300.0 mA cm−2. When paired with a Pt/C cathode, HES/NF exhibits rapid kinetics, outstanding stability, and exceptional water-splitting performance. The scalable, cost-effective approach paves the way for advanced electrocatalyst design, promising breakthroughs in energy storage and conversion technologies.

Ligand-ion (TOP-Zn) complex-modulating nucleation strategy is applied to depress spectral broadening. This strategy is confirmed to work in blue/green/red PQDs, achieving record-breaking narrowed spectral FWHMs (15, 17, and 25 nm respectively). These PQDs realize a wide color gamut coverage of ≈130% NTSC and ≈100% Rec. 2020 standard. Meanwhile, pure-red PeLED exhibits a high EQE of exceeding 20%.

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) are expected to be an ideal candidate for wide-color gamut displays owing to their high color purity. However, their color purity is challenged by remarkable spectral broadening due to non-uniform size distribution and crystal defects. Here, a ligand-ion (TOP-Zn) complex-modulating nucleation strategy is proposed to depress spectral broadening. This is achieved by enhancing the steric hindrance effect during lead-halogen octahedral assembly and reducing the reaction activity/sites of the system. This strategy is universal and has been confirmed to be effective for blue, green, and red PQDs, achieving narrowed spectral full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of 15, 17, and 25 nm, respectively. These FWHMs are record-breaking and contribute to a wide color gamut coverage of ≈130% National Television Standards Committee and ≈100% Rec. 2020 standard. Meanwhile, these PQD-based light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) exhibit a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of exceeding 20% at their pure color range. These results provide a feasible path to achieve ultra-uniform and pure-color luminescent PQDs for wide-color gamut displays.

A Na-hybridization strategy is proposed to reduce defects in LiNbO3-NGC, enhancing its nonlinear properties. By using this hybridized LiNbO3-NGC, the transverse second-harmonic generation is achieved. An ultrashort optical pulse monitoring system is constructed which are demonstrated for real-time quantitative measurement of the duration, distribution, and front tilting of optical pulses in the 10−15 s scale.

LiNbO3 nanocrystal-glass composites (LiNbO3-NGC), characterized by its unique 3D random domain structure, have shown great promise for significant applications, such as femtosecond pulse monitoring and full-color 3D displays. However, the nonlinear response of the LiNbO3-NGC is greatly suppressed by the defects, and effective manipulation of these defects remains a long-standing challenge. In this study, a Na-hybridization strategy is proposed to control defects in the LiNbO3-NGC to enhance its nonlinear properties and realizing its practical application for ultrashort optical pulse monitoring. The findings reveal that the incorporation of Na ions effectively reduces the defects within the composite, resulting in significantly improved nonlinear effects. By using this hybridized LiNbO3-NGC, the transverse second-harmonic generation is achieved. An ultrashort optical pulse system is also constructed and successfully applied it for real-time quantitative measurement of the duration, distribution, and front tilting of optical pulses in the 10−15 s scale. These results not only present an excellent example about defect engineering in nonlinear LiNbO3-NGC but also point to practical applications for the measurement of extreme physical parameters.

An azobenzene-based material with unprecedented light-pumped directional charge-transfer reminiscent of toppling dominoes is presented. After light-induced trans→cis forward isomerization, electron hopping occurs in a sequential and propagating manner between the cis isomers along with an electrocatalytic cis→trans backward isomerization. This repeatable, self-erasing domino information transfer is a groundbreaking new mechanism, suitable to process information on the molecular level.

In the pursuit of more secure information transfer, advanced nanoelectronic technologies and nanomaterials must be developed. Here, a material is presented able to undergo an unprecedented light-pumped directional charge-transfer process reminiscent of toppling dominoes. The material is based on ortho-fluorinated azobenzene molecules which are organized in molecular rows by the regular array of a metal–organic framework. The azobenzene molecules undergo light-induced trans→cis forward as well as electrocatalytic cis→trans backward isomerization. The findings reveal that electron hopping occurs in a sequential and propagating manner between the light-generated cis isomers along with an isomerization of the sample to the trans-state. Thus, light can be used to locally write information, which subsequently can be read out by the transferred charge with simultaneous deletion of the information. This freely repeatable, self-erasing domino information transfer is a groundbreaking new mechanism to process information on the molecular level that may find application in encryption.

Chiroptical activity is enhanced by up to 0.003 in the g-factor through the induction of ferromagnetism in quantum dots. A chiroptical neuromorphic synapse, composed of chiroferromagnetic quantum dots, generates different synaptic weights from multiple wavelengths and circularly polarized light. The low-level preprocessing unit of the multi-channel neuromorphic device functions as a low-level optical noise filter, enabling energy-efficient neuromorphic computing.

Optoelectronic devices using circularly polarized light (CPL) offer enhanced sensitivity and specificity for efficient data processing. There is a growing demand for CPL sensing mediums with strong optical activity, stability and sensitivity, multiple transition bands, and environmental compatibility. Here, defect-engineered chiroferromagnetic quantum dots (CFQDs) are used as a new type of CPL sensing material. By inducing amorphization defects through chiral molecules, CFQDs with high unpaired electron density, atomic structural chirality, amplified chiroptical activity, and multiple exciton transition bands are developed. CFQDs enable nonlinear, long-term plastic behavior with linear optical input, acting as in situ noise filters that reduce noise by over 20%. Additionally, CFQDs provide over nine times higher integration for photon polarization and wavelength distinctions, paving the way for next-generation processors with improved energy efficiency, integration, and reduced retention time.

This review explores electrospinning fundamentals, methods for synthesizing polymer, metal oxide, carbon, and composite nanofibers, and advancements in fiber architectures like porous, core–shell, and aligned structures. It highlights applications in functional membranes, sensors, energy systems, and catalyst design while addressing future opportunities through AI-driven optimization and robotics for scalable and sustainable nanofiber production, including the use of green solvents.

Electrospinning has emerged as a transformative technique for fabricating nanofibers (NFs), offering precise control over their morphology, composition, and functionality. This versatile process facilitates the production of fibers ranging from nanoscale to microscale with customized properties, integrating diverse materials and architectures for advanced research and industrial applications. This review presents recent advancements in electrospinning, addressing its fundamental principles, nanomaterial synthesis methods, and examples from a wide range of applications. The significant progress that are made in fabricating polymer, metal oxide, carbon, and composite NFs with diverse architectures such as porous, core–shell, hollow, and aligned structures is highlighted. Advanced electrospinning techniques, including coaxial electrospinning, aligned electrospinning, yarn electrospinning, and roll-to-roll processes, demonstrate the scalability and adaptability of electrospinning for the development of next-generation nanomaterials. Electrospun NFs are being actively applied to functional membranes, gas sensors, energy systems, and catalytic processes, addressing critical challenges in these respective areas. In conclusion, the groundbreaking potential of integrating artificial intelligence (AI)-driven optimization with sustainable material design, such as the use of environmentally-friendly “green” solvents, is emphasized. In the end, leveraging robotics-based electrospinning and AI-enhanced methodologies is essential to achieve stable scalability, optimized performance, and sustainability for research and industry.

High-entropy oxide (HEO) catalysts are developed to show unprecedented active and durable performance in photothermal dry reforming of methane due to the light-induced metal exsolution-dissolution process. Such a mechanism triggers the chemical looping of oxygen vacancies on HEO and greatly improves product formation and coking resistance.

Solar-driven dry reforming of methane (DRM) is attractive for syngas production as an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly process. However, the remaining challenges of low yield and coke-induced inability in this route severely limit its applicability. Here, a light-induced metal exsolution-dissolution strategy is reported using high-entropy oxide (HEO) as a support for highly active and durable photothermal DRM. As evidenced by structural characterizations and theoretical simulations, the metal exsolution-dissolution process triggers the chemical looping of oxygen vacancies on HEO, in which CH4 is activated to CO and H2 by lattice oxygen while oxygen from CO2 can fill the oxygen vacancy and release CO. Such a pathway greatly improves product formation and coking resistance, overcoming the limitations. As a result, the optimized CoNiFeZnCr-HEO supported Rh nanocomposite achieves a high H2/CO production of 0.242/0.246 mol g−1 h−1 with a balance selectivity of 0.98 and impressive long-term stability (200 h). The yield is ≈300 and 450 times higher than that of quaternary and ternary oxides-based catalysts, respectively. This work paves the way for new insights into the light-driven DRM process and highlights the integration of dynamic surface evolution with molecular activation to enhance catalytic performance.

The microscopic mechanisms governing the friction characteristics of hydrogels in open-air environments are revealed through experiments, theoretical analyses, and molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that larger pore sizes and enhanced internal water mobility improve the permeability of hydrogels, allowing them to maintain a low friction coefficient by mitigating surface water loss.

Hydrogels composed of a solvent-saturated, cross-linked polymer network exhibit unique interfacial rheology and ultralow friction, making them valuable in biomedical applications. Despite their widespread use in open-air environments, the lubrication behaviors of hydrogels under these conditions remain poorly understood. Here, the microscopic mechanisms underlying the friction characteristics of hydrogels through a combination of experiments, theoretical analyses, and molecular dynamics simulations is explored. It is found that water evaporation from the hydrogel surface reduces the hydrodynamic layer thickness and increases surface viscosity, leading to a gradual rise in friction. On the other hand, optimizing pore size and water mobility within the hydrogel enhances water transport from the interior to the surface, mitigating evaporation and enabling consistently low friction. It is also explored how soaking time, water affinity, and applied normal load influence hydrogel lubrication. The findings elucidate the microscopic mechanisms governing the friction behaviors of hydrogels and provide guidelines for designing hydrogel systems with sustained exceptional lubrication properties in open-air applications.

This work introduces a co-polymerization approach using 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,3-epoxypropane to integrate lithium nitrate into poly-DOL-based quasi-solid-state electrolytes. The resulting electrolyte exhibits high ionic conductivity (2.23 mS cm−1), exceptional Coulombic efficiency (99.34%) in Li|Cu cell, and long-term stability (2000 cycles in Li|LFP cells). Scale-up tests in Li|NCM811 cells show 94.4% capacity retention over 60 cycles, offering a promising path for high-performance, in situ polymerized batteries.

The advancement of lithium metal batteries toward their theoretical energy density potential remains constrained by safety and performance issues inherent to liquid electrolytes. Quasi-solid-state electrolytes (QSSEs) based on poly-1,3-dioxolane (poly-DOL) represent a promising development, yet challenges in achieving satisfactory Coulombic efficiency and long-term stability have impeded their practical implementation. While lithium nitrate addition can enhance efficiency, its incorporation results in prohibitively slow polymerization rates spanning several months. In this work, high-polymerization-enthalpy 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,3-epoxypropane is introduced as a co-polymerization promoter, successfully integrating lithium nitrate into poly-DOL-based QSSEs. The resulting electrolyte demonstrates exceptional performance with 2.23 mS cm−1 of ionic conductivity at 25 °C, a Coulombic efficiency of 99.34% in Li|Cu cells, and stable lithium metal interfaces sustained through 1300 h of symmetric cell cycling. This co-polymerization approach also suppresses poly-DOL crystallization, enabling Li|LiFePO4 cells to maintain stability beyond 2000 cycles at 1C. Scale-up validation in a ≈1 Ah Li|NCM811 pouch cell achieves 94.4% capacity retention over 60 cycles. This strategy establishes a new pathway for developing high-performance, in situ polymerized quasi-solid-state batteries for practical energy storage applications.

This review charts the transformative potential of next-generation nano-flexible embolic agents in redefining TACE for HCC. By dissecting innovations in tunable coagulation dynamics, real-time imaging integration and hypoxia-responsive drug delivery, it unveils how to overcome the pitfalls of conventional therapies. The strategies extend to synergies with immunotherapy and energy-conversion strategies, while confronting scalability and regulatory hurdles critical for clinical adoption.

Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) remains the gold standard for treating intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), yet faces great challenges in overcoming tumor heterogeneity, hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, and metastatic progression. The development of advanced flexible embolization materials marks a revolutionary leap in interventional therapy, offering opportunities to revolutionize embolization precision, drug delivery kinetics, and tumor microenvironment modulation. This comprehensive review systematically examines the paradigm shift toward next-generation TACE technology, emphasizing the limitations of conventional approaches and innovations in flexible embolic agents. A detailed discussion of next-generation nano-flexible embolic systems is presented, emphasizing their unique coagulation dynamics, real-time imaging capabilities, and therapeutic precision. The review delves into groundbreaking TACE strategies integrating hypoxia modulation, energy conversion therapeutics, and sophisticated tumor microenvironment engineering. Clinical translation aspects are thoroughly explored, including large-scale trial outcomes, vascular recanalization dynamics, and patient-specific treatment optimization. Looking forward, key frontiers in the field is identified: intelligent nanocomposite systems, synergistic combination therapies, and precision medicine approaches tailored to individual tumor biology. This work not only objectively evaluates current progress but also charts future research priorities, aiming to transform TACE from a palliative intervention to a precision medicine platform and ultimately reshaping the landscape of HCC treatment and patient care.

Na+-density and degree of order in Na3V2(PO4)2O2F cathode are regulated via divalent cation doping to compare the importance of electrostatic interaction and Na+-ordering on the Na+ diffusivity and storage property. A higher Mg2+-doping concentration at both Na- and V-site, though incorporating extra Na+ and higher repulsive forces, contributes to a higher structural disorder, which reveals a higher throughout Na+ diffusivity with a superior energy/power density.

Electrostatic interaction and Na+-ordering are identified as two possible kinetic constraints in determining the Na+ diffusivity in Na3V2(PO4)2O2F (NVPOF), a representative polyanionic-based cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. As both factors are compositionally related and intertwined, isolating individual factors to pinpoint the dominant one is essential yet challenging for achieving the full electrochemical potential of NVPOF. Herein, NVPOF doped with Zn2+ or Mg2+ is developed to study the relative influence of the electrostatic interaction and structural disordering on the Na+ diffusivity and thus Na+ storage performance. The crystal structural analysis and theoretical modeling reveal that a limited amount (0.6 at% of Na) of Zn2+ doped at the Na-site with Na-vacancies created, while a ten-fold higher Mg2+ doped at both the Na- and V-site, which introduces additional Na+ for charge compensation. As a result, compared to the Zn2+ doped counterpart, the Mg2+ doped NVPOF cathode shows a Na+ diffusivity up to 3 times higher even encountering larger repulsive forces, and a much enhanced Na+ storage property. This work demonstrates the superiority of regulating the degree of order in the framework to address the defect formation energy of NVPOF, which is realized via doping and can be extendable to other polyanionic-based cathode materials.

A multi-network synergistic treatment strategy is designed to form a powerful therapeutic network to improve tumor immunotherapy by coordinating multiple immune activation mechanisms such as autophagy blocking, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, immunogenic cell death, and STING activation, which improves the immunogenicity, reverses the immunosuppressive TME, breaks the immune barrier, and promotes immune cell proliferation and infiltration.

Immunotherapeutic efficacy is often limited by poor immunogenicity, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), and cytoprotective mechanisms, leading to low immune activation. To this end, here, L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) loaded gallium-magnesium layered double hydroxide (MG-LAAO) is prepared for significantly enhanced tumor immunotherapy through multi-network synergistic regulation. First, MG-LAAO induces tumor cell pyroptosis by initiating caspase-1/GSDMD and caspase-3/GSDME pathways, further triggering immunogenic cell death (ICD). Then the released Ga3+ induces mitochondrial iron overload, resulting in ferroptosis. In addition, MG-LAAO also hinders autophagy of tumor cells, and reshapes the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) by neutralizing H+ and inhibiting lactic acid accumulation, thus destroying the cytoprotective mechanism and avoiding immune escape. Furthermore, this multi-network synergy further activates the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, generating powerful antitumor immunotherapy. This work highlights the critical role of synergies between autophagy block, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and ICD in tumor immunotherapy, demonstrating the important role of this multi-network synergy in effectively overcoming immunosuppressive TME and enhancing immunogenicity. In particular, the mechanism of gallium-induced pyroptosis is revealed for the first time, providing theoretical support for the design of new materials for tumor immunotherapy in the future.

A spectrally selective colorful electrochromic infrared emissivity regulator (CECIER) is presented for all-season building thermal management. It enables multi-modal dynamic infrared emissivity regulation in the atmospheric window while reducing parasitic heat through high reflectance in the non-atmospheric window. The regulator achieves ≈2°C (night) and 3°C (day) temperature adjustments and 3.46 MJ m− 2 annual building energy savings.

Radiative cooling is a technology that utilizes the high emissivity of materials in the atmospheric window to achieve cooling, showing great application prospects in building energy-saving. However, traditional static passive radiative cooling materials with broad-spectrum high emissivity can lead to increased heating energy consumption in winter due to overcooling and a weakened cooling effect in summer due to the urban heat island effect. In this study, a colorful, intelligent infrared emissivity regulator is well designed based on a multi film ultrathin electrochromic device for all-season thermal management in buildings. The infrared emissivity of the regulator can vary in real time in response to seasonal or temperature variations, allowing for the switching between radiative cooling and insulation. Guided by nano-photonics theory for multilayer optical films, the regulator achieves multi-modal dynamic infrared emissivity regulation in the atmospheric window Δε¯$\Delta \ \bar{\varepsilon }$Δε¯$\Delta \ \bar{\varepsilon }$, and the high reflectance in the non-atmospheric window inhibits heat gains from the external environment. The regulator demonstrates excellent environmental adaptivity with an acceptable response time, a long cycle life, and good bending resistance. The regulator can achieve ≈2 °C/3 °C (nighttime/daytime) temperature adjustment. The simulation results indicate that the regulator can achieve an annual building energy saving of 3.46 MJ m− 2.