http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/rss/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1521-4095

A nanowire assemblies-induced geometry engineering method is reported to fabricate a photoresponsive liquid crystal actuator with mechanically incompatible geometry, exhibiting a saddle-like appearance. By regulating the off-axis director angle and strip width, the configurations of the actuators undergo sharp and periodic transitions among the rings, helicoids, and spirals, enabling the generation of multi-modal photo-driven locomotion with fast velocities and high controllability.

Photoresponsive shape-changing materials have significant applications in miniaturized smart robotics and biomedicine powered in a remote and wireless manner. Existing light-fuelled soft materials suffer from limited continuous shape manipulation and constrained mobility and locomotive modes. One promising solution is developing a hierarchical structure design approach to integrate rapid, reversible photoactive molecular alignment and mechanically incompatible geometry in a macroscopic system. Here, a nanowire assemblies-induced geometry engineering method is reported for the fabrication of silver nanowire-incorporated nematic liquid crystalline elastomers with prominent anisotropic structures at multi-length scales and incompatible elasticity that show sharp morphological transitions among the rings, helicoids, and spirals with diverse helical configurations. The engineered composite films can realize complex light-driven motions including rotating, rolling, and jumping with the controlled directionality and magnitude that are pre-encoded in their both molecular and macroscopic configurations. Owing to the great controllability of multimodal locomotion, a spiral robot can undertake task-specific configuration to climb up complex terrains. The complete regulatory relationship among molecular orientation, shape geometry, and light-driven motions is also established. This study may open an avenue for elaborate design and precise fabrication of novel shape-morphing materials for future applications in intelligent robotic systems.

QIPA-Eu-1 and QIPA-Eu-2 isomers were synthesized for the construction of sequential stimuli-response (SSR) system. Solvent-driven structural transformation of the two isomers into QIPA-Eu-3 occurred, accompanied by the solid color changes from white to yellow and emergence of new emission band centered at 495 nm. Furthermore, yellow QIPA-Eu-3 powder transformed into brown QIPA-Eu-4 powder upon light illumination.

Multiple stimuli-responsive materials hold excellent potential for the next generation smart materials owing to their unique response to external stimuli, providing a powerful impetus for the development of intelligent optical devices. The stimuli-responsive behavior of common multiple stimuli-responsive materials are independent of each other, causing the lack of multiplicity and identification for information technology, which is easy to decode. Herein, QIPA-Eu-1 and QIPA-Eu-2 isomers were prepared from QIPA and EuCl3·6H2O in different solvent thermal conditions for building sequential stimuli-response (SSR) system. Solvent-driven structural transformations of the isomers into QIPA-Eu-3 occurred, along with color change and fluorescence emission variation ascribed to the generation of QIPA aggregates. Furthermore, QIPA-Eu-3 displayed excellent photochromic behaviors. Combining theoretical calculation with well-defined experiments to reveal the mechanism, it was found that light drove the change in the dihedral angles between the quinoline nucleus and adjacent benzene rings in QIPA aggregates. Finally, on the basis of sequential stimuli-induced stepwise responsive behavior of QIPA-Eu-1, the sequential logic gate and time-dependent fluorescence dynamic anti-counterfeiting pattern were successfully constructed. This study provided a new perspective for design and construction of SSR system, which showed promising potential in the fields of data transmission and information encryption.

This review comprehensively summarizes the surface evolution and reconstruction of reversible protonic ceramic cell (R-PCC) air-electrodes. It begins by analyzing the thermodynamic and kinetic contributions to surface evolutions, followed by a summary of factors that lead to electrochemical performance degradation, emphasizing on both the negative and positive effects of water. Additionally, recent advances in enhancing electrode surface activity are presented.

Reversible protonic ceramic cells (R-PCCs) are at the forefront of electrochemical conversion devices, capable of reversibly and efficiently converting chemical energy into electricity at intermediate temperatures (350–700 °C) with zero carbon emissions. However, slow surface catalytic reactions at the air-electrode often hinder their performance and durability. The electrode surface is not merely an extension of the bulk structure, equilibrium reconstruction can lead to significantly different crystal-plane terminations and morphologies, which are influenced by material's intrinsic properties and external reaction conditions. Understanding electrode surface evolution at elevated temperatures in water-containing, oxidative atmospheres presents significant importance. In this review, a comprehensive summary of recent processes in applying advanced characterization techniques for high-temperature electrode surfaces is provided, exploring the correlations between surface evolution and performance fluctuations by examining the structural evolution and reconstruction of various air-electrode surfaces associated with degradation and activation phenomena, offering insights into their impact on electrode performance. Furthermore, reported strategies and recent advances in enhancing the electrochemical performance of R-PCCs through engineering air-electrode surfaces is discussed. This review offers valuable insights into surface evolution in R-PCCs and is expected to guide future developments in high-temperature catalysis, solid-state ionics, and energy materials.

The mechanisms of glass fiber (GF) and Zn─Mn atom pairs-modified glass fiber separator (named as ZnMn-NC/GF) work in zinc-halogen batteries. The Mn-N4 single-atom sites are responsible for adsorption, while the Zn─Mn atom pairs are responsible for catalysis. The polyiodide can be rapidly captured and further transformed into I- before it reaches zinc anodes through this effective ZnMn-NC modified layer.

Aqueous Zn-halogen batteries (Zn-I2/Br2) suffer from grievous self-discharge behavior, resulting in irreversible loss of active cathode material and severe corrosion of zinc anode, which ultimately leads to rapid battery failure. Herein, an entrapment-adsorption-catalysis strategy is reported, leveraging Zn─Mn atom pairs-modified glass fiber separator (designated as ZnMn-NC/GF), to effectively mitigate the self-discharge phenomenon. The in situ Raman and UV experiments, along with theoretical calculations, confirmed the single-atom Mn sites are responsible for polyiodides adsorption, while Zn─Mn atom pairs facilitated the conversion of reaction intermediates. As a result, the utilization rate of cathode active species is enhanced through this ZnMn-NC/GF separator. The fully charged Zn-I2 battery assembled with ZnMn-NC/GF maintained a Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 90.1% after being left for 120 h, as well as a capacity retention rate of 95.3% after 30000 cycles at a current density of 5 A g−1. Additionally, the Zn-Br2 battery designed with ZnMn-NC/GF separator can withstand more serious self-discharge problems of bromine species, with an average discharge voltage platform of 1.75 V at 0.5 A g−1. The self-discharge problem of aqueous Zn-halogen batteries is significantly suppressed by this entrapment-adsorption-catalysis strategy, which can serve as a crucial reference for the advancement of high-performance aqueous Zn-halogen batteries.

In this work, a surface photoetching strategy is employed to introduce surface nitrogen vacancies on the repaired carbon nitride, significantly improving its piezoelectric performance. This defect-engineered carbon nitride, serving as an excellent sonosensitizer, can temporally and spatially generate reactive oxygen species within tumor cells under ultrasound stimulation, thereby achieving effective piezoelectric catalytic therapy for cancer.

Piezoelectric catalysis for tumor treatment is an emerging method for generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the development and optimization of piezoelectric catalytic nanomaterials remain the major challenge. Herein, by regulating the internal and surface defects of graphene phase carbon nitride (defect-engineered g-C3N4), its piezoelectricity and sonocatalytic performance is enhanced, thus achieving efficient tumor treatment. By reducing bulk defects, the charges excited by ultrasound (US) within the defect-engineered g-C3N4 can migrate more rapidly to the material surface, thereby enhancing their participation in redox reactions. Increasing surface defects not only introduce more active sites on the surface of defect-engineered g-C3N4 but also enhance the asymmetry of the defect-engineered g-C3N4 structure, resulting in excellent piezoelectric properties. This defect-engineered g-C3N4 nanosheet can effectively generate ROS in tumor cells and induce tumor cell apoptosis under US stimulation. This work not only introduces a method to enhance the piezoelectric catalytic performance of g-C3N4 but also expands the potential application of defect-engineered piezoelectric materials to tumor treatment.

The acceptor BTP-Cy, featuring cyclohexyl side chains, is synthesized to control molecular aggregation state in solution. Compared to molecules containing benzene and undecyl side chains, BTP-Cy-based active layer exhibits suitable solubility and molecular aggregation size, leading to an optimal liquid precursor film length and film morphology. Consequently, all-printed 23.6 cm2 BTP-Cy-based modules achieve a power conversion efficiency of 16.2%.

The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of all-printed organic solar cells (OSCs) remain inferior to those of spin-coated devices, primarily due to morphological variations within the bulk heterojunction processed via diverse coating/printing techniques. Herein, cyclohexyl is introduced as outer side chains to formulate a non-fullerene acceptor, BTP-Cy, aimed at modulating the molecular aggregation in solution and subsequent film formation kinetics during printing. Investigations demonstrate that BTP-Cy molecule with cyclohexyl side chains exhibits enhanced intermolecular π-π stacking, optimal solution aggregation size, and favorable phase separation. Consequently, PB3:FTCC-Br:BTP-Cy-based OSCs achieve remarkable PCEs of 20.2% and 19.5% via spin-coating and blade-coating, respectively. Furthermore, a 23.6 cm2 module exhibits a remarkable efficiency of 16.7%. This study offers a fresh perspective on tailoring the film formation kinetics of photoactive materials during printing through molecular design, paving a novel path to enhance the efficiency of all-printed OSCs.

A bioactive thermo-sensitive poly(amino acid) hydrogel is demonstrated to release the therapeutic drug FTY720 in a reactive oxygen species-controlled manner and achieves a synergistic effect by inhibiting apoptosis and regulating the reperfusion inflammatory microenvironments, thereby reducing ischemia-reperfusion injury and promoting tissue repair, demonstrating significant clinical potential for the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Reperfusion therapy is the most effective treatment for acute myocardial infarction, but its efficacy is frequently limited by ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). While antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapies have shown significant potential in alleviating IRI, these strategies have not yielded satisfactory clinical outcomes. For that, a thermo-sensitive myocardial-injectable poly(amino acid) hydrogel of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)45-poly(L-methionine20-co-L-alanine10) (mPEG45-P(Met20-co-Ala10), PMA) loaded with FTY720 (PMA/FTY720) is developed to address IRI through synergistic anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects. Upon injection into the ischemic myocardium, the PMA aqueous solution undergoes a sol-to-gel phase transition and gradually degrades in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS), releasing FTY720 on demand. PMA acts synergistically with FTY720 to inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis and modulate pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage polarization toward anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages by clearing ROS, thereby mitigating the inflammatory response and promoting vascular regeneration. In a rat IRI model, PMA/FTY720 reduces the apoptotic cell ratio by 81.8%, increases vascular density by 34.0%, and enhances left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by 12.8%. In a rabbit IRI model, the gel-based sustained release of FTY720 enhanced LVEF by an additional 7.2% compared to individual treatment. In summary, the engineered PMA hydrogel effectively alleviates IRI through synergistic anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammation actions, offering valuable clinical potential for treating myocardial IRI.

A flexible bioelectronic microneedle patch (FBMP) for actively controlled transdermal drug delivery. Integrating a flexible circuit board, gallium-indium heating film, and dual-layer microneedles, the FBMP enables real-time control via smartphone Bluetooth. It can control different drug release rates on demand, offering great potential for precise, personalized drug delivery for a variety of medical applications.

Precise control over drug release rates is critical for enhancing therapeutic efficacy, reducing side effects, and maintaining stable drug levels. While microneedles (MNs) offer a promising approach for transdermal drug delivery, conventional passive-response systems often lack adaptability across diverse drugs and disease models, limiting their versatility. Here, this work presents a flexible bioelectronic microneedle patch (FBMP) that integrates flexible electronics for actively controlled transdermal delivery. The FBMP incorporates a flexible printed circuit board (FPCB), a eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) heating film, and dual-layer microneedles with a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) core and polycaprolactone (PCL) shell. This configuration allows real-time adjustment of the thermal response rate via smartphone-controlled Bluetooth, achieving rapid drug release within 2 min or sustained release over 10 h. In various animal models, the FBMP demonstrate versatility in delivering multiple drug types, optimizing efficacy, and minimizing side effects for both acute and chronic conditions. Overall, this work introduces a flexible, universal electronic microneedle platform with significant potential to advance precision and personalized medicine by enabling customizable, actively controlled drug release.

This work presents a strategy for regulating the redox behavior of the solid catholyte toward dynamic interphase stability, which in turn stabilizes the main reaction of solid–solid sulfur redox. Leveraging this stabilizing mechanism, a newly formulated Li6.2P0.8W0.2S5I electrolyte with high reversibility is developed to build high-performance all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries.

All-solid-state lithium-sulfur battery (ASSLSB) is considered one of the ultimate next-generation energy storage technologies due to the expected low cost, high safety, and high specific energy. The high-conductivity and low-modulus sulfide electrolytes hold promise as electrolytes in the cathode (i.e., solid catholytes) for ASSLSBs, but their parasitic decomposition and reactions over cycling lead to degradation of the active material−catholyte interphases and hence limited cycling life. Herein a strategy is described to stabilize the ASSLSBs by regulating the interphase redox reversibility of the sulfide catholyte, which is validated on a new sulfide electrolyte formulated as Li6+xP1−xWxS5I (LPWSI). The experiments show that the presence of mixed ionic-electronic conducting WS2 boosts the Li4P2S7−to−Li3PS4 reaction in the interphase, which prevents irreversible accumulation of impeding P2S7 4− and thereby improves the catholyte's interphase stability. With the LPWSI catholyte, the ambient-temperature ASSLSB exhibits stable cycling sustaining 92.2% capacity over 400 cycles at C/5 with an initial areal capacity of 1.95 mA h cm−2. Furthermore, the cells demonstrate excellent high-rate stability over 1000 cycles at rates of 1C and 2C. The reported strategy contributes to reshaping the understanding of how solid catholyte can function in composite cathodes and provides new guidelines for designing catholyte for high-capacity conversion-based electrodes that involve complex evolution of interphases.

A low-dimension ordered–disordered Mo(1−x)WxSe2 2D alloy with in-plane nano-segregations exhibits unique excitonic properties, enhanced valley polarization (up to 50%), and high implied open-circuit voltage (up to 1130 mV). These features highlight its potential for advanced optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications.

Well-structured and ordered 2D layered semiconducting materials have excellent optical properties but limited advanced optoelectronic applications in their natural state. Altering their natural arrangement, through artificial heterostructures, strain and pressure engineering, chemical doping, intercalation, and alloying, can impart them with unusual optical properties and potentially enhance their performance in various applications. Among these approaches, alloying is generally difficult to control and disrupts the well-ordered homophilic crystal phase of these 2D crystals, albeit with the capability to control materials as thin as a single atomic layer. In this work, the synthesis of a low-dimension ordered–disordered layered 2D alloy of Mo(1−x)WxSe2 with clearly ordered in-plane segregations of nano-sized islands of individual MoSe2 and WSe2 across the material surface is reported. The optical analysis of this ordered–disordered layered Mo(1−x)WxSe2 reveals unique interfacial and interlayer coupling physics, such as the co-existence of intralayer (interfacial) and interlayer excitons and enhanced valley polarization of up to 50%, which is traditionally absent in ordered MoSe2, WSe2, or their heterostructures. Furthermore, the structure exhibits implies open circuit voltage (up to 1130 mV), signifying its excellent open-circuit voltage potential if employed in photovoltaic devices. Overall, the reported low-dimension ordered–disordered semiconductor alloys can be useful in various optoelectronic applications.

This article summarizes significant technological advancements in materials, photonic devices, and bio-interfaced systems, which demonstrate successful applications for impacting human healthcare via improved therapies, advanced diagnostics, and on-skin health monitoring.

Recent advances in developing photonic technologies using various materials offer enhanced biosensing, therapeutic intervention, and non-invasive imaging in healthcare. Here, this article summarizes significant technological advancements in materials, photonic devices, and bio-interfaced systems, which demonstrate successful applications for impacting human healthcare via improved therapies, advanced diagnostics, and on-skin health monitoring. The details of required materials, necessary properties, and device configurations are described for next-generation healthcare systems, followed by an explanation of the working principles of light-based therapeutics and diagnostics. Next, this paper shares the recent examples of integrated photonic systems focusing on translation and immediate applications for clinical studies. In addition, the limitations of existing materials and devices and future directions for smart photonic systems are discussed. Collectively, this review article summarizes the recent focus and trends of technological advancements in developing new nanomaterials, light delivery methods, system designs, mechanical structures, material functionalization, and integrated photonic systems to advance human healthcare and digital healthcare.

Aluminum glycinate-based organometallic molecule is used to tailor buried interface and minimize interface-driven energy loss, which realizes high efficiencies of 26.74% and 20.71% for 1.55 and 1.785 eV bandgap perovskite solar cells, respectively.

Rational regulation of Me-4PACz/perovskite interface has emerged as a significant challenge in the pursuit of highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, an organometallic molecule of aluminum glycinate (AG) that contained amine (-NH2) and aluminum hydroxyl (Al-OH) groups is developed to tailor the buried interface and minimize interface-driven energy losses. The Al-OH groups selectively bonded with unanchored O═P-OH and bare NiO-OH to optimize the surface morphology and energy levels, while the -NH2 group interacted specifically with Pb2+ to retard perovskite crystallization, passivate buried Pb-related defects, and release residual interface stress. These interactions facilitate the interface carrier extraction and reduce interface-driven energy losses, thereby realizing a balanced charge carrier transport. Consequently, AG-modified narrow bandgap (1.55 eV) PSC demonstrates an efficiency of 26.74% (certified 26.21%) with a fill factor of 86.65%; AG-modified wide bandgap (1.785 eV) PSC realizes 20.71% champion efficiency with excellent repeatability. These PSCs maintain 91.37%, 91.92%, and 92.00% of their initial efficiency after aging in air atmosphere, the nitrogen-filled atmosphere at 85 °C, and continuously tracking at the maximum power-point under one-sun illumination (100 mW cm−2) for 1200 h, respectively.

High-resolution patterning is crucial for advancing organic electronics, enabling miniaturization and high-density integration. A dual crosslinking strategy is developed using a polyrotaxane supramolecular crosslinker (PR) in polybenzodifurandione (PBFDO). At trace loading levels (<0.1 wt%), PR enhances patterning precision (<1 µm) and electrical performance, yielding a 42% µC* increase and improved device stability, offering scalable solutions for organic electronics.

Similar to silicon-based electronics, the implementation of micro/nano-patterning to facilitate complex device architectures and high-density integration is crucial to the development of organic electronics. Among various patterning techniques, direct microlithography (DML) is highly applicable and extensively adopted in organic electronics, such as organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). However, conventional DML often requires high crosslinker concentrations, leading to compromised electrical performance. To address this challenge, a novel strategy is developed that combines supramolecular and covalent interactions by incorporating a polyrotaxane supramolecular crosslinker (PR) into poly(benzodifurandione) (PBFDO). The PR forms a hydrogen bonding network with PBFDO and undergoes UV-triggered covalent crosslinking among its molecules, providing solvent resistance even at trace loading levels (<0.1 wt%). This approach enables precise patterning of PBFDO with feature sizes below 1 µm while preserving high electrical performance. Notably, PR also serves as a performance enhancer, promoting molecular ordering and ionic conduction within PBFDO. OECTs fabricated with PR-crosslinked PBFDO exhibit about one-order-of-magnitude increase in ON/OFF ratio, a 42% increase in µC * (reaching 2460 F cm−1 V−1 s−1), and elevated operational stability compared to pristine ones. This multifunctional crosslinker offers a scalable solution for high-performance, high-density organic electronics and opens new avenues for supramolecular chemistry applications in this field.

This review discusses the fundamentals and applications of photonic nanomaterials in wearable health technologies. It covers light-matter interactions, synthesis, and functionalization strategies, device assembly, and sensing capabilities. Applications include skin patches and contact lenses for diagnostics and therapy. Future perspectives emphasize AI-assisted design and systematic integration for advancing wearable systems.

This review underscores the transformative potential of photonic nanomaterials in wearable health technologies, driven by increasing demands for personalized health monitoring. Their unique optical and physical properties enable rapid, precise, and sensitive real-time monitoring, outperforming conventional electrical-based sensors. Integrated into ultra-thin, flexible, and stretchable formats, these materials enhance compatibility with the human body, enabling prolonged wear, improved efficiency, and reduced power consumption. A comprehensive exploration is provided of the integration of photonic nanomaterials into wearable devices, addressing material selection, light-matter interaction principles, and device assembly strategies. The review highlights critical elements such as device form factors, sensing modalities, and power and data communication, with representative examples in skin patches and contact lenses. These devices enable precise monitoring and management of biomarkers of diseases or biological responses. Furthermore, advancements in materials and integration approaches have paved the way for continuum of care systems combining multifunctional sensors with therapeutic drug delivery mechanisms. To overcome existing barriers, this review outlines strategies of material design, device engineering, system integration, and machine learning to inspire innovation and accelerate the adoption of photonic nanomaterials for next-generation of wearable health, showcasing their versatility and transformative potential for digital health applications.

The work reports on the synthesis and properties of AgNC@AgAux QDs with a core–shell heterostructure. This novel structure exhibits significantly enhanced photoluminescence, which can be attributed to electron injection and a strong local electric field induced by surface plasmons.

Bimetallic core–shell quantum dots (QDs) hold great promise in elucidating the bimetallic synergism and optoelectronic devices. The synthesis and properties of AgNC@AgAux QDs of core–shell heterostructure are reported. Significantly enhanced photoluminescence emission on these heterostructures is observed. These enhancements are attributed to electron injection and the surface plasmon-induced strong local electric field, which are observed through time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy. X-ray absorption near edge structure spectra and density functional theory confirms the electron injection from the Ag core to the AgAux shell. On the other hand, the plasmon resonance of the AgNC@AgAux QDs has been studied by finite-element method analysis and time-resolved photoluminescence spectra. There are 94.06 times fluorescence enhancement and 32.40 times quantum yield improvement of oxygen content correlation compared to AgAu3 QDs. It shows a perfect correlation coefficient of 98.85% for the detection of heavy metal Cu2+ ions. Such Bimetallic core–shell heterostructures have great potential for future optoelectronic devices, optical imaging, and other energy-environmental applications.

A functionalized vinylene-linked covalent organic framework adlayer is constructed to precisely tailor the orientation of interfacial water molecule to stabilize the transition state for intermediates adsorption/desorption, optimizing the proton exchange membrane water electrolysis performance.

The controlled formation of a functional adlayer at the catalyst-water interface is a highly challenging yet potentially powerful strategy to accelerate proton transfer and deprotonation for ultimately improving the performance of proton-exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). In this study, the synthesis of robust vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks (COFs) possessing high proton conductivities is reported, which are subsequently hybridized with ruthenium dioxide yielding high-performance anodic catalysts for the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In situ spectroscopic measurements corroborated by theoretical calculations reveal that the assembled hydrogen bonds formed between COFs and adsorbed oxo-intermediates effectively orient interfacial water molecules, stabilizing the transition states for intermediate formation of OER. This determines a decrease in the energy barriers of proton transfer and deprotonation, resulting in exceptional acidic OER performance. When integrated into a PEMWE device, the system achieves a record current density of 1.0 A cm−2 at only 1.54 V cell voltage, with a long-term stability exceeding 180 h at industrial-level 200 mA cm−2. The approach relying on the self-assembly of an oriented hydrogen-bonded adlayer highlights the disruptive potential of COFs with customizable structures and multifunctional sites for advancing PEMWE technologies.

Biomimetically cross-linked nanochitin cryogels are used for immobilization matrix for a solid-state cell factory. The resulting cryogels with hierarchical porosity manage to overcome the conventional limitations of mass transfer and light transmittance, as demonstrated by a number of light-driven biotransformation reactions.

Solid-state photosynthetic cell factories (SSPCFs) are a new production concept that leverages the innate photosynthetic abilities of microbes to drive the production of valuable chemicals. It addresses practical challenges such as high energy and water demand and improper light distribution associated with suspension-based culturing; however, these systems often face significant challenges related to mass transfer. The approach focuses on overcoming these limitations by carefully engineering the microstructure of the immobilization matrix through freeze-induced assembly of nanochitin building blocks. The use of nanochitins with optimized size distribution enabled the formation of macropores with lamellar spatial organization, which significantly improves light transmittance and distribution, crucial for maximizing the efficiency of photosynthetic reactions. The biomimetic crosslinking strategy, leveraging specific interactions between polyphosphate anions and primary amine groups featured on chitin fibers, produced mechanically robust and wet-resilient cryogels that maintained their functionality under operational conditions. Various model biotransformation reactions leading to value-added chemicals are performed in chitin-based matrix. It demonstrates superior or comparable performance to existing state-of-the-art matrices and suspension-based systems. The findings suggest that chitin-based cryogel approach holds significant promise for advancing the development of solid-state photosynthetic cell factories, offering a scalable solution to improve the efficiency and productivity of light-driven biotransformation.

A scalable and flexible library of natural, renewable tea polyphenol, and amino acid condensate colloidal spheres, synthesized via a one-step process, facilitates the preparation of ultra-high drug-loading nanomedicines with precise size control and uniform dispersion using continuous-flow microfluidics. This approach effectively addresses the challenges associated with the nanonization of poorly soluble drugs and holds significant promise for advancing pharmaceutical formulations.

Synthesizing high drug-loading nanomedicines remains a formidable challenge, and achieving universally applicable, continuous, large-scale engineered production of such nanomedicines presents even greater difficulties. This study presents a scalable library of polyphenol-amino acid condensates. By selecting amino acids, the library enables precise customization of key properties, such as carrier capacity, bioactivity, and other critical attributes, offering a versatile range of options for various application scenarios. Leveraging the properties of solvent-mediated disassembly and reassembly of condensates achieved an ultra-high drug loading of 86% for paclitaxel. For a range of poorly soluble molecules, the drug loading capacity exceeded 50%, indicating broad applicability. Furthermore, employing a continuous microfluidic device, the production rate can reach 5 mL min−1 (36 g per day), with the nanoparticle size precisely tunable and a polydispersity index (PDI) below 0.2. The polyphenol-based carrier demonstrates efficient cellular uptake and, in three distinct animal models, has been shown to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel without significant side effects. This study presents a streamlined, efficient, and scalable approach using microfluidics to produce nanomedicines with ultra-high drug loading, offering a promising strategy for the nanoformulation of poorly soluble drugs.

Large, tunable room-temperature magnetocurrent (MC) are crucial for advancing spintronic technologies. This study introduces an electro-optical compensation strategy in organic semiconductor devices, achieving exceptionally high MC values of +13 200% and −10 600%. Leveraging this, a multifunctional device is activated, serving as the high-sensitivity magnetic field sensor, composite field sensor, magnetic current inverter, and magnetically-controlled artificial synaptic, etc.

In spintronics, devices exhibiting large, widely tunable magnetocurrent (MC) values at room temperature are particularly appealing due to their potential in advanced sensing, data storage, and multifunctional technologies. Organic semiconductors (OSCs), with their rich and unique spin-dependent and (opto-)electronic properties, hold significant promise for realizing such devices. However, current organic devices are constrained by limited design strategies, yielding MC values typically confined to tens of percent, thereby restricting their potential for multifunctional applications. Here, this study introduces an electro-optical compensation strategy to modulate MC values, which synergistically integrates and manages the interplays among carrier transport, spin-dependent reactions, and photogenerated carrier dynamics in OSCs-based devices. This approach achieves ultrahigh room-temperature MC values of +13 200% and −10 600% in the designed devices, with continuous and precise tunability over this range—marking a breakthrough in organic spintronic devices. Building on this achievement, by integrating multiple controllable parameters—light, bias, magnetic field, and mechanical flexibility—into a single device, a flexible, room-temperature, multifunctional device is activated, functioning as the high-sensitivity magnetic field sensor, composite field sensor, magnetic current inverter, and magnetically-controlled artificial synaptic, etc. These findings open an avenue for designing high-performance, multifunctional devices with broad implications for future spintronic-related technologies.

Bioinspired by naturally oriented structures of biological tissues, it developed super-robust conductive hydrogels with highly tunable mechanical property and anisotropic structure, and demonstrated, for the first time, the mechanical strength of the conductive hydrogels, used as flexible electrodes in triboelectric and piezoresistive device, affected both the accuracy and stability of machine learning-assisted tactile perception.

Conductive hydrogels have attracted significant attention due to exceptional flexibility, electrochemical property, and biocompatibility. However, the low mechanical strength can compromise their stability under high stress, making the material susceptible to fracture in complex or harsh environments. Achieving a balance between conductivity and mechanical robustness remains a critical challenge. In this study, super-robust conductive hydrogels were designed and developed with highly oriented structures and densified networks, by employing techniques such as stretch-drying-induced directional assembly, salting-out, and ionic crosslinking. The hydrogels showed remarkable mechanical property (tensile strength: 17.13–142.1 MPa; toughness: 50 MJ m− 3), high conductivity (30.1 S m−1), and reliable strain sensing performance. Additionally, it applied this hydrogel material to fabricate biomimetic electronic skin device, significantly improving signal quality and device stability. By integrating the device with 1D convolutional neural network algorithm, it further developed a real-time material recognition system based on triboelectric and piezoresistive signal collection, achieving a classification accuracy of up to 99.79% across eight materials. This study predicted the potential of the high-performance conductive hydrogels for various applications in flexible smart wearables, the Internet of Things, bioelectronics, and bionic robotics.