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The work achieves the polyvalent binding between receptors and ligands through the regulation of ligand density in nano-system that functioned with precise drug delivery, thereby successfully triggers the lysosome-targeting protein degradation through endocytosis pathway. Ultimately, the nano-degrader realizes Alzheimer's disease therapy by modulating the targeted pathological membrane proteins on the damaged blood-brain barrier.

Abstract

The excessive up-regulation of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), a well-known pathological marker, drives the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Although lysosome-targeting protein degradation has emerged as an effective therapeutic modality, the limited lysosome-sorting efficacy greatly hindered the degradation efficiency of target proteins. Herein, a lysosome-shuttle-like nano-chimera (endoTAC) is proposed based on polyvalent receptor binding mode for enhanced RAGE degradation as well as precise drug delivery. The endoTAC shows a high affinity to RAGE and enhances RAGE degradation due to its polyvalent-interaction with RAGE. Additionally, endoTAC features increased accumulation in diseased brain and shows promise as a precise brain delivery system. After loading with simvastatin, the SV@endoTAC proves to successfully reverse pathological features both in vitro and in vivo. The work proposes that the combination of a lysosome-targeting chimera and an effective drug delivery system can be promising in Alzheimer's disease therapy.

Thermal annealing of the n-type mixed conductor has a profound effect on its crystallinity, enhancing electronic mobility and decreasing water uptake during electrochemical charging. This new microstructure imparts an “ionic memory” behavior to the material. Leveraging the polymer's sensitivity to light, this work demonstrates the first NIR light-induced conductance modulation of a mixed conductor in an aqueous electrolyte.

Abstract

N-type organic mixed ionic electronic conductors (n-OMIECs) struggle to match the performance of p-type counterparts, particularly in bioelectronics' flagship device, the organic electrochemical transistor. Enhancing n-type transistor performance typically necessitates the synthesis of new materials. More sustainable post-synthetic treatments, known to improve organic devices in dry and oxygen-free conditions, are not applied to n-OMIECs. This study introduces thermal annealing to enhance n-OMIECs' electron mobility without sacrificing their ability to take up ionic charges. Annealing increases the crystallinity of p(gNDI-gT2), the first designed n-OMIEC, enhancing its transistor performance to compete with new-generation NDI-based materials. Annealing reduces passive and in operando electrolyte uptake without compromising the device threshold voltage, keeping the device power demand low. The microstructure obtained by annealing, combined with the film's strong near-infrared (NIR) absorption and reduced water swelling, enables the creation of a device that retains photocurrent generated upon frequency-dependent light training. This leads to a microscale, water-compatible memory device that emulates the learning process of biological neurons triggered by light. This simple device can be implemented in artificial neural networks and face recognition platforms and achieve vector-matrix multiplication when fabricated in an array form, showcasing the potential for innovative applications in bioelectronics.

Near-field thermophotovoltaics promise high output power from low temperature thermal sources, but demonstrating large area devices has proven challenging. Here a novel epitaxial co-designed emitter-cell device fabricated with scalable processes demonstrates 1.2 mW from a 460 °C heat source, a greater than 20-fold enhancement over the far-field. Modeling of various cell changes offers a pathway to even higher power.

Abstract

Thermophotovoltaics, devices that convert thermal infrared photons to electricity, offer a key pathway for a variety of critical renewable energy technologies including thermal energy storage, waste heat recovery, and direct solar-thermal power generation. However, conventional far-field devices struggle to generate reasonable powers at lower temperatures. Near-field thermophotovoltaics provide a pathway to substantially higher powers by leveraging photon tunneling effects. Here a large area near-field thermophotovoltaic device is presented, created with an epitaxial co-fabrication approach, that consists of a self-supported 0.28 cm2 emitter-cell pair with a 150 nm gap. The device generates 1.22 mW at 460 °C, a 25-fold increase over the same cell measured in a far-field configuration. Furthermore, the near-field device demonstrates short circuit current densities greater than the far-field photocurrent limit at all the temperatures tested, confirming the role of photon tunneling effects in the performance enhancement. Modeling suggests several practical directions for cell improvements and further increases in power density. These results highlight the promise of near-field thermophotovoltaics, especially for low temperature applications.

A grossite-type fast ionic conductor CaGa4O7, with a high defect tolerance structure, is used to develop single-component multimodal luminescence materials. Almost all luminescent modes and full-spectrum emissions are realized by doping this single host. A series of dynamic anti-counterfeiting devices and digital information encryption technology with temporal and spatial resolution are proposed to show the visualized optical anti-counterfeiting application.

Abstract

With the development of optical anti-counterfeiting and the increasing demand for high-level information encryption, multimodal luminescence (MML) materials attract much attention. However, the discovery of these multifunctional materials is very accidental, and the versatile host suitable for developing such materials remains unclear. Here, a grossite-type fast ionic conductor CaGa4O7, characterized by layered and tunnel structure with excellent defect tolerance, is found to meet the needs of various luminescent processes. Almost all luminescent modes, including down/up-conversion luminescence (DCL/UCL), long persistent luminescence (LPL), mechanoluminescence (ML), and X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL), are realized in this single host. Full-spectrum (from violet to near-infrared) photoluminescence and ML as well as multicolor XEOL are achieved by simply changing the doped luminescent center. A series of anti-counterfeiting devices, including the quasi-dynamic display of famous paintings, digital information encryption, and multi-color handwritten signatures, are designed to show the encryption of information in temporal and spatial dimensions. This study clarifies the importance of defect tolerance of the host for the development of MML materials, and provides a unique insight into the cross-field applications of special functional materials, which is a new strategy to accelerate the development of novel MML materials.

On the basis of pore sieving effect toward Li+ desolvation, the intentionally-introduced polar electron-donated chemical groups on metal–organic frameworks is developed to further boost Li+ desolvation and Li0 diffusion kinetics under low temperature, achieving uniform lithium distribution without dendrite formation. As a result, the high capacity-retention ratio of 97% is stabilized under negative/positive ratio of 3.3 and lower temperature surroundings.

Abstract

Lithium metal anode is desired by high capacity and low potential toward higher energy density than commercial graphite anode. However, the low-temperature Li metal batteries suffer from dendrite formation and dead Li resulting from uneven Li behaviors of flux with huge desolvation/diffusion barriers, thus leading to short lifespan and safety concern. Herein, differing from electrolyte engineering, a strategy of delocalizing electrons with generating rich active sites to regulate Li+ desolvation/diffusion behaviors are demonstrated via decorating polar chemical groups on porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). As comprehensively indicated by theoretical simulations, electrochemical analysis, in situ spectroscopies, electron microscope, and time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry, the sieving kinetics of desolvation is not merely relied on pore size morphology but also significantly affected by the ─NH2 polar chemical groups, reducing energy barriers for realizing non-dendritic and smooth Li metal plating. Consequently, the optimal cells stabilize for long lifespan of 2000 h and higher average Coulombic efficiency, much better than the-state-of-art reports. Under a lower negative/positive ratio of 3.3, the full cells with NH2-MIL-125 deliver a high capacity-retention of 97.0% at 0.33 C even under −20 °C, showing the great potential of this kind of polar groups on boosting Li+ desolvation kinetics at room- and low-temperatures.

This study unveils MXene-vitrimer nanocomposites with a distinct biphasic Voronoi-inspired microstructure, where a percolative MXene minor-phase spans throughout a vitrimer major-phase. Fabricated via a streamlined three-step process of precipitation polymerization, MXene aqueous coating, and melt-pressing, these nanocomposites deliver photo-thermal repairability, mechanical reinforcement, and conductivity at low loadings, achieving greatly diminished percolation thresholds and multifunctionality for advanced smart materials and sustainable composites.

Abstract

An innovative process to multifunctional vitrimer nanocomposites with a percolative MXene minor phase is reported, marking a significant advancement in creating stimuli-repairable, reinforced, sustainable, and conductive nanocomposites at diminished loadings. This achievement arises from a Voronoi-inspired biphasic morphological design via a straight-forward three-step process involving ambient-condition precipitation polymerization of micron-sized prepolymer powders, aqueous powder-coating with 2D MXene (Ti3C2Tz), and melt-pressing of MXene-coated powders into crosslinked films. Due to the formation of MXene-rich boundaries between thiourethane vitrimer domains in a pervasive low-volume fraction conductive network, a low percolation threshold (≈0.19 vol.%) and conductive polymeric nanocomposites (≈350 S m−1) are achieved. The embedded MXene skeleton mechanically bolsters the vitrimer at intermediate loadings, enhancing the modulus and toughness by 300% and 50%, respectively, without mechanical detriment compared to the neat vitrimer. The vitrimer's dynamic-covalent bonds and MXene's photo-thermal conversion properties enable repair in minutes through short-term thermal treatments for full macroscopic mechanical restoration or in seconds under 785 nm light for rapid localized surface repair. This versatile fabrication method to nanocoated pre-vitrimer powders and morphologically complex nanocomposites is compatible with classic composite manufacturing, and when coupled with the material's exceptional properties, holds immense potential for revolutionizing advanced composites and inspiring next-generation smart materials.

A sustained mild photothermal therapy (smPTT) is presented, utilizing gold nanoparticle aggregates (AuNAs) with an impressive photothermal efficiency of up to 92.8%. This strategy employs low-power LED irradiation to achieve complete tumor eradication while enhancing safety and immune responses. The findings indicate that this approach has significant potential for improving cancer treatment outcomes and expanding the applicability of photothermal therapy.

Abstract

For millennia, humans have harnessed thermal energy to treat cancer. However, delivering energy to tumor tissues in traditional hyperthermia remains a significant challenge. Nanotechnology has revolutionized this approach, enabling nanomaterials to target tumors precisely and act as internal heat sources. Nanomaterial-based photothermal therapy employs nano-photothermal agents to absorb near-infrared light and convert it into heat, offering non-invasive, highly controllable, and specific treatment for solid tumors. Nonetheless, achieving complete tumor eradication, preventing recurrence, and ensuring safety continue to be major concerns. To address these issues, sustained mild photothermal therapy (smPTT) is proposed, utilizing gold nanoaggregates (AuNAs) with a high photothermal conversion efficiency (92.8%) in combination with a single irradiation of low-power (∼0.1 W cm− 2) sustained LED light. This method achieved complete tumor eradication in animal models, with no recurrence over long-term (>180 days) monitoring. This strategy provides superior therapeutic effects compared to mild photothermal therapy and higher safety than high-temperature photothermal therapy. Additionally, it induces a strong immune response and immune memory, crucial for preventing tumor recurrence and metastasis. This novel approach to photothermal therapy may significantly impact clinical applications for shallow tumor treatment and offer new avenues for immunotherapy.

Here, the study proposes a mitochondrion-targeted piezoelectric nanosystem that can promote mitophagy and ameliorate hyperglycemia in diabetic mice through ultrasound-assisted electric current generation and long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) release, respectively. The findings reveal that this nanosystem can be employed for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

Abstract

Mitochondrial damage caused by external stimuli, such as high glucose levels and inflammation, results in excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Existing antioxidants can only scavenge ROS and cannot address the root cause of ROS production, namely, abnormal mitochondria. To overcome this limitation, the study develops a piezoelectric synergistic drug-loaded nanosystem (BaTCG nanosystem) that targets mitochondria. The BaTCG nanosystem is delivered to mitochondria via triphenylphosphine modification, and generates current under the stimulation of ultrasound, thereby promoting mitochondrial autophagy and restoring mitochondrial  homeostasis. In a model of diabetes-related erectile dysfunction (ED), the BaTCG nanosystem, through the current induced by the piezoelectric effect, not only promoted mitophagy, thereby reducing ROS production, but also released long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) to effectively reduce blood glucose levels and mitochondrial damage. Each component of this nanosystem functions individually as well as synergistically, thus facilitating corpus cavernosum repair and restoring erectile function. In conclusion, the findings offer a novel therapeutic strategy for diabetes-related ED and a target for the treatment of diabetes-related conditions with functionalized nanoparticles to regulate mitophagy.

Xolography can 3D print versatile plastic and hydrogel parts in microgravity and a variety of resins can be processed independent from viscosity and flow properties. Just like on Earth, complex geometries, smooth surfaces and feature resolution down to 20 µm can be achieved during 20 s microgravity phases in a parabolic flight experiment.

Abstract

Xolography is a volumetric 3D printing technique utilizing intersecting light beams within a volume of photopolymer for a spatially controlled photopolymerization. Unlike layer-based methods, Xolography creates structures continuously within a closed photopolymer vat, eliminating the prevalent need for support structures and allowing full geometrical freedom at high printing speeds. The volumetric working principle does not rely on gravity, making Xolography an outstanding technology for additive manufacturing under microgravity conditions as illustrated in a set of experiments during a parabolic flight campaign. The microgravity environment obviates the need for rheology control of resins, enabling the use of low-viscosity formulations (e.g., 11 mPa s) while maintaining the fast and precise 3D printing of acrylic polymer resins and hydrogels. Xolography's speed and reliability facilitate rapid iterations of a print task between Earth's gravity and microgravity conditions. This capability positions Xolography as an ideal tool for material research and manufacturing in space, offering significant cost and efficiency advantages over traditional methods.

A self-selective, preferentially Li salt-adsorbing and inorganic interphase-catalyzing copper current collector (CuCC) design is developed by incorporating Li salt into CuCC fabrication process to self-select out its salt-philic facet growth. This self-selected Cu(220) facet-dominant CuCC exhibits high selectivity and catalyzation ability for Li salt adsorption, decomposition, and inorganic interphase formation over other facets, reducing the electrode degradation speed by 33–42%.

Abstract

Anode-less lithium metal batteries (ALLMB) are promising candidates for energy storage applications owing to high-energy-density and safety characteristics. However, the unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed on anode copper current collector (CuCC) leads to poor reversibility of uneven lithium deposition/stripping. Though the well-known knowledge of lithium salt-derived inorganic-rich SEI (iSEI) benefiting uniform lithium deposition, how to design a lithium salt-philic CuCC with undiscovered salt-philic facet that favors lithium salt adsorption and catalyzing salt decomposition into iSEI, remains unexplored yet. Here, a self-selective and iSEI-catalyzing CuCC design is developed by using lithium salt as surface-controlling agent in CuCC electrodeposition process, self-selecting out and guiding unidirectional Cu(220) facet growth as the most salt-philic facets of CuCC. This self-selected Cu(220) facet promotes the salt adsorption and formation of salt decomposition-derived iSEI in battery, thus improving the lithium plating/stripping coulombic efficiency from 99.25% to 99.50% (stable within 400 cycles), and the capacity decay rate of ALLMB is also reduced by 42.4% within 100 cycles. Practical mass-productivity of this self-selective CuCC for 350 Wh kg−1 pouch-cell fabrication is also demonstrated, providing a new self-selective current collector design strategy for improving selectivity and catalyzation of desired chemical reaction, important for high-selectivity electrochemical reaction system construction.

Customized Nano-dredger based on the complex interaction between polyphenol Lithospermic acid B (LA) and various substances, including siRNA, lipid nanovacuoles (LIP), ε-polylysine (εPLL), achieves efficient brain-neuron targeting, enhances the operability and patency of axonal autophagosome retrograde transport and autolysosomal fusion-degradation process, thereby decreasing Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related neuronal waste burden (aberrant accumulated protein/aging organelle) and achieving neuroprotection.

Abstract

Clear-cut evidence has linked defective autophagy to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies underscore a unique hurdle in AD neuronal autophagy: impaired retrograde axonal transport of autophagosomes, potent enough to induce autophagic stress and neurodegeneration. Nonetheless, pertinent therapy is unavailable. Here, a novel combinational therapy composed of siROCK2 and lithospermic acid B (LA) is introduced, tailored to dredge blocked axonal autophagy by multi-mitigating microtubule disruption, ATP depletion, oxidative stress, and autophagy initiation impediments in AD. Leveraging the recent discovery of multi-interactions between polyphenol LA and siRNA, ε-Poly-L-lysine, and anionic lipid nanovacuoles, LA and siROCK2 are successfully co-loaded into a fresh nano-drug delivery system, LIP@PL-LA/siRC, via a ratio-flexible and straightforward fabrication process. Further modification with the TPL peptide onto LIP@PL-LA/siRC creates a brain-neuron targeted, biocompatible, and pluripotent nanomedicine, named “Nano-dredger” (T-LIP@PL-LA/siRC). Nano-dredger efficiently accelerates axonal retrograde transport and lysosomal degradation of autophagosomes, thereby facilitating the clearance of neurotoxic proteins, improving neuronal complexity, and alleviating memory defects in 3×Tg-AD transgenic mice. This study provides a fresh and flexible polyphenol/siRNA co-delivery paradigm and furnishes conceptual proof that dredging axonal autophagy represents a promising AD therapeutic avenue.

Optically pumped and electrically Q-switchable minute laser oscillators are invented. The oscillator is made from a robust self-standing organic droplet that deforms into a prolate spheroid under an electric field. The deformation induces the attenuation of the quality factor, leading to a halt of the laser emission. An array of droplet lasers is also demonstrated as a prototype laser display.

Abstract

Conventional laser panel displays are developed through the mass integration of electrically pumped lasers or through the incorporation of a beam steering system with an array of optically pumped lasers. Here a novel configuration of a laser panel display consisting of a non-steered pumping beam and an array of electrically Q-switchable lasers is reported. The laser oscillator consists of a robust, self-standing, and deformable minute droplet that emits laser through Whispering-Gallery Mode resonance when optically pumped. The laser oscillation is electrically switchable during optical pumping by applying a vertical electric field to the droplet. Electromagnetic and fluid dynamics simulations reveal the deformation of the droplet into a prolate spheroid under the electric field and associated attenuation of quality factor (Q-factor), leading to the halt of the laser oscillation. A 2 × 3 array of droplets is fabricated by inkjet printing as a prototype of a laser panel display, and it successfully achieves the pixel-selective switching of the oscillation.

The full-color QD lasers relevant for practical implementations are achieved. These QD lasers feature the simultaneous metrics of low threshold, long operating duration, and multimilliwatt output power under quasi-steady-state pumping. To the best of the available knowledge, the multimilliwatt output power has never been realized in QD lasers before. These results open the door to practical QD lasers.

Abstract

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are attractive gain materials owing to the wide range of accessible colors. However, the existing QD lasers struggle to combine technologically relevant metrics of low threshold and long operating duration with considerable output powers. Here a new class of full-color QD lasers are reported, featuring low threshold, uninterrupted operation for dozens of hours, and multimilliwatt output under quasi-steady-state pumping, by coupling the high-gain QDs with a double-clad pumping scheme. Corroborated by the comprehensive transient spectroscopy and numerical simulation, it is demonstrated that the ternary QDs with specially designed fine nanostructure enable the low gain threshold, giant gain coefficient, long gain lifetime, and excellent resistance against intense photoexcitation. Meanwhile, the double-clad QD-fiber design allows for record-long light-gain interaction, high conversion efficiency, and sustained device operation. As such, the QD lasers with multimilliwatt output powers, unobserved in QD lasers to date, have been realized. Further, the proof-of-concept application for generating vortex beams with various topological charges is demonstrated. This work represents significant progress toward practical lasers based on QDs.

A neuronal signal sorting and amplifying nanosensor integrates real-time, dynamically reversible potassium ion (K⁺) fluorescence imaging (FI) with high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This enables electroencephalogram-concordant imaging of hidden epileptic foci and guides minimally invasive radiofrequency ablation on mice with drug-resistant focal epilepsy, resulting in sustained seizure control and improved cognitive outcomes.

Abstract

Surgery remains an essential treatment for managing drug-resistant focal epilepsy, but its accessibility and efficacy are limited in patients without distinct structural abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Potassium ion (K+), a critical marker for seizure-associated neuronal signaling, shows significant promise for designing sensors targeting hidden epileptic foci. However, existing sensors cannot cross the blood-brain barrier and lack the ability to specifically enrich and amplify K+ signals in the brain with high temporal and spatial resolution. Here, an intravenously administered neuronal signal sorting and amplifying nanosensor (NSAN) is reported that combines real-time dynamic reversible K+ fluorescence imaging with high-resolution structural MRI, enabling electroencephalogram-concordant imaging of MRI-negative epileptic foci. Guided by NSANs, minimally invasive surgery is successfully performed in both intrahippocampal kainic acid (KA) epilepsy model with foci confined to the ipsilateral hippocampus, and intraperitoneal KA model where foci are randomly distributed, resulting in sustained seizure control and cognitive improvement. These findings highlight the NSAN as a transformative tool for visualizing hidden epileptic foci, thereby broadening eligibility for minimally invasive and precision surgical intervention.

2024 Novo Nordisk Prize Lectures

Abstract not available

• Speaker: Professors Sir Shankar Balasubramanian and Sir David Klenerman
• Thursday 03 April 2025, 16:00-17:30
• Venue: Dept of Chemistry, (BMS) Bristol Myers Squibb Lecture Theatre.
• Series: Chemistry Departmental-wide lectures; organiser: Balasubramanian-Admin.

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The Economic Cost of Depression: A Mendelian Randomisation Study

Are people depressed because they’re poor, or are they poor because they’re depressed? Observational studies often struggle to untangle this relationship. In our study, we exploit a natural experiment—the random assignment of genes at birth—to estimate how depression influences economic outcomes. We find that depression significantly reduces income, largely through its effects on educational and occupational attainment, as well as employment. Additionally, our analysis of longitudinal data reveals that short-term declines in mental health also lower income, though to a considerably lesser extent. These findings suggest that early-life interventions aimed at improving mental health could yield substantial economic benefits by influencing educational and occupational trajectories.

• Speaker: Fergus McCormack, PhD Candidate, Department of Economics
• Tuesday 11 February 2025, 13:10-14:00
• Venue: Richard King room, Darwin College.
• Series: Darwin College Humanities and Social Sciences Seminars; organiser: Dr Amelia Hassoun.

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Energy Environ. Sci., 2025, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4EE04247F, PaperLijuan Yang, Jiawei Chen, Cheng-Gong Han, Yongbin Zhu, Chunxia Xie, Zhenbang Liu, Haoyu Wang, Yu Bao, Dongxue Han, Li Niu
A concept of high-entropy was introduced in ionic thermoelectric gels through multi-ions interactions. Adding multi-ions rearranged the hydration shell of redox couples, boosting reaction entropy change and resulting in a remarkable performance.
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Energy Environ. Sci., 2025, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4EE05894A, PaperTiantian Wang, Yuao Wang, Peng Cui, Heshun Geng, Yusheng Wu, Fang Hu, Junhua You, Kai Zhu
The electrolyte concentration plays a pivotal role in determining the efficacy of rechargeable batteries.
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A nanowire assemblies-induced geometry engineering method is reported to fabricate a photoresponsive liquid crystal actuator with mechanically incompatible geometry, exhibiting a saddle-like appearance. By regulating the off-axis director angle and strip width, the configurations of the actuators undergo sharp and periodic transitions among the rings, helicoids, and spirals, enabling the generation of multi-modal photo-driven locomotion with fast velocities and high controllability.

Abstract

Photoresponsive shape-changing materials have significant applications in miniaturized smart robotics and biomedicine powered in a remote and wireless manner. Existing light-fuelled soft materials suffer from limited continuous shape manipulation and constrained mobility and locomotive modes. One promising solution is developing a hierarchical structure design approach to integrate rapid, reversible photoactive molecular alignment and mechanically incompatible geometry in a macroscopic system. Here, a nanowire assemblies-induced geometry engineering method is reported for the fabrication of silver nanowire-incorporated nematic liquid crystalline elastomers with prominent anisotropic structures at multi-length scales and incompatible elasticity that show sharp morphological transitions among the rings, helicoids, and spirals with diverse helical configurations. The engineered composite films can realize complex light-driven motions including rotating, rolling, and jumping with the controlled directionality and magnitude that are pre-encoded in their both molecular and macroscopic configurations. Owing to the great controllability of multimodal locomotion, a spiral robot can undertake task-specific configuration to climb up complex terrains. The complete regulatory relationship among molecular orientation, shape geometry, and light-driven motions is also established. This study may open an avenue for elaborate design and precise fabrication of novel shape-morphing materials for future applications in intelligent robotic systems.

TBC

Abstract not available

• Speaker: Matthew Jackson, Imperial College London
• Thursday 13 March 2025, 11:30-12:30
• Venue: Open Plan Area, Institute for Energy and Environmental Flows, Madingley Rise CB3 0EZ.
• Series: Institute for Energy and Environmental Flows (IEEF); organiser: Catherine Pearson.

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